6. Complete the following sentences:

1. Common gardening mistakes are: …………………………………………………………………………………

2. The things that plants need for their growth include … …………………………………………………………..

3. Over-watering may cause ………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. Over-application of a fertilizer may provoke ……………………………………………………………………..

5. Plant diseases can be caused by …………………………………………………………………………………..

6. Pesticides should be used carefully because ………………………………………………………………………

7. Amending the soil means……. ……………………………………………………………………………………

7. Here are the answers to some questions about common gardening mistakes and the ways to avoid them.

Write the questions.

a. What ____________________________________________________________________________________?

The best time is early morning.

b. How ____________________________________________________________________________________?

You should test your soil for nutrients to see what nutrients your plants need.

c. Why____________________________________________________________________________________ ?

Because they incorrectly diagnose plant problems

d. How ____________________________________________________________________________________?

Mix exactly according to directions.

e. What _____­­­­_______________________________________________________________________________?

You can use shredded bark, pine needles or composted leaves.

8. Imagine you are an expert in horticulture. Give advice to a beginner on the following:

- how to water plants

- how to use chemical fertilizers

- how to diagnose plant problems

- how to choose a tree for a treeless yard

- how to amend the soil

1. Before you read

In your opinion, which of the following words best associate with bonsai?

art, horticulture, dwarf, cruelty, China, huge, meditation, pastime, ugly, pruning, asymmetry, aesthetic, hybrid, beautiful, skill, Japanese, unnatural, container, tiny, patience, genetically dwarfed plant

2. Read the text to find out if you were right. Bonsai

1. The main definition of bonsai as an outlet for both art and horticulture(1) is quite wide. There are many myths which are associated with bonsai. These not only provide confusion for budding enthusiasts, but give the pastime a bad name for anyone not very experienced in the area. A bonsai is not a genetically dwarfed plant and is not kept small by cruelty in any way. In fact, given an adequate supply of water, air, light and nutrients, a properly maintained bonsai should outlive a full size tree of the same species. The techniques of Bonsai are no more cruel than that of any other horticultural endeavour. It is also common belief(2) that bonsai are only a few centimetres tall. This is untrue, although bonsai are small in comparison to their huge life-sized brothers, most are over 25 centimetres tall and up to 1 metre in height.

2. To the Japanese, there is a link to many of the ideals that their society is based on. Zen Buddhism - where the pastime originated, man, nature, elements and change all are intertwined into this unique method of meditation and expression. To our world now, bonsai is viewed as a hobby that allows a greater understanding and being with nature(3) and also a way to enhance our gardens.

3. Bonsai can be developed from seeds or cuttings, from young trees or from naturally occurring stunted trees transplanted into containers. Most bonsai range in height from 5 centimetres to 1 metre . Bonsai are kept small and trained by pruning branches and roots, by periodic repotting, by pinching off new growth, and by wiring the branches and trunk so that they grow into the desired shape.

4. The bonsai with its container and soil, physically independent of the earth since its roots are not planted in it, is a separate entity, complete in itself, yet part of nature. This is what is meant by the expression "heaven and earth in one container". A bonsai tree should always be positioned off-center in its container, for not only is asymmetry vital to the visual effect(4), but the center point is symbolically where heaven and earth meet, and nothing should occupy this place. Another aesthetic principle is the triangular pattern necessary for visual balance and for expression of the relationship shared by a universal principle (life-giving energy or deity), the artist and the tree itself. Tradition holds that three basic virtues are necessary to create a bonsai: shin-zen-bi standing for(5) truth, goodness and beauty.

5. Given proper care, bonsai can live for hundreds of years, with prized specimens being passed from generation to generation, admired for their age, and revered as a reminder of those who have cared for them over the centuries. Although these bonsai are extremely beautiful - meticulously cared for over the years and containing such a wealth of knowledge, age is not essential. It is more important that the tree produce the artistic effect desired, that it be in proper proportion to the appropriate container, and that it be in good health.

6. Bonsai are ordinary trees or plants, not special hybrid dwarfs. Small leafed varieties are most suitable, but essentially any plant can be used, regardless of the size it grows to in the wild. In Japan, varieties of pine, azalea, camellia, bamboo and plum are most often used. The artist never duplicates nature but rather expresses a personal aesthetic philosophy by manipulating it. The bonsai may suggest many things, but in all cases must look natural and never show the intervention of human hands (with the exception of Chinese bonsai which in many cases depicts images of dragons and other influential symbols of the culture). Grown in special containers, bonsai are primarily kept outdoors (with the exception of some plants suited, trained and grown indoors), although they are often displayed on special occasions in the alcove in the traditional Japanese rooms designed for the display of artistic objects or on a polished stand.

7. Overall, bonsai are something that are quite personalised and there are no strict rules to abide by(6) if you undertake it merely as a hobby which to gain enjoyment out of(7). It does not have to be an expensive commitment, but it is a commitment that requires a great amount of time, patience, skill and endurance. Although things may not go to plan, don't give up. Remember that the Japanese bonsai masters were once beginners too and they have surely had their share of trial and error(8).

Notes

1. an outlet for both art and horticulture – віддушина як для мистецтва, так і для садівництва

2. It is also common belief – існує загальна думка

3. that allows a greater understanding and being at nature – що дає більше розуміння і можливості бути наодинці з природою

4. for not only is asymmetry vital to the visual effect – оскільки не лише асиметрія важлива для досягнення візуального ефекту

5. standing for – що означає

6. there are no strict rules to abide by – не існує певних правил, котрих треба дотримуватися

7. a hobby which to gain enjoyment out of – улюблене заняття, що дає насолоду

8. their share of trial and error – свою частку спроб і помилок