Reading and developing speaking skills Ex.6. Read vocabulary and memorize new words.

Ex.7. Compose your own sentences using VOCABULARY.

Ex.8. Insert the missing letters, translate the words:

Pulp_tis, p_lp, bl_od, ves_els, tiss_e, cro_n, r_ot, de_ay, dise_se, abra_ion, e_osion, c_amber, la_er, fillin_, sensiti_ity, inf_ammation, tre_tment, pa_n.

Ex.9. Read and translate the following words and word-combinations:

Nerves, blood vessels, chamber, to prevent, treatment, damage, periodontal disease, trauma, tooth de­­cay, outer layers, preparation, filling, mild sensitivity, surrounding tissues, dental abscess, collection, bacteria, pus, oral health, hardened tissue, extreme pain.

Ex.10. Read and translate the following text: Pulp Diseases

The life or death of a tooth depends on the health of the pulp. This network of nerves, blood vessels, and tissues is housed in a hollow central chamber that extends from the crown of the tooth to its roots. The branch of dentistry that specializes in preventing and treating pulp problems is called en­do­dontics.

The pulp can be damaged in a number of ways. One of the most common is through undetected tooth de­­cay. Advanced periodontal disease can also infect the pulp. Pulp damage also occurs when a tooth is broken or knocked out. Abrasion and erosion can wear away the tooth’s hard outer layers, leaving the pulp vulnerable. Finally, the pulp may be in­jured when your dentist grinds a tooth in preparation for a

deep filling or restoration. Pulp damage can be as either reversible or irreversible. It can range from mild tooth sensitivity to complete nerve death of the tooth to infection of the surrounding tissues.

There are several different pulp diseases, including:

Reversible pulpitis, or mild inflammation of the pulp. Symptoms typically include pain upon eating or drinking something very sweet, hot, or cold. Without treatment, the inflammation can progress to a dental abscess, a collection of bacteria and pus. Good oral health habits can help offset reversible pulpitis, but in many cases, a filling is eventually needed.

Irreversible pulpitis, or severe inflammation of the pulp that can't be cured. Symptoms include sudden intense pain. Left untreated, it can result in a widespread gum and connective tissue infection. Irreversible pulpitis is generally treated with a root canal procedure. If that doesn't work, your dentist may have to remove the tooth.

Dental pulp calcification (also known as dental pulp stones). This is a condition in which hardening, or calcification, of pulp tissue results in hypersensitivity and extreme pain because the dental nerves become compressed. A root canal is usually necessary to clear away hardened tissue.

Dental pulp exposure. This condition comes on when damage to the external covering of a tooth, such as a cavity or crack in the tooth, exposes the normally protected pulp to bacteria and irritating food particles.

Pain is the most frequent symptom and without proper dental care, a mild infection can progress into a serious abscess.

Depending on the type of pulp disease, symptoms may vary in intensity and can include:

• Pain in a tooth or teeth when you eat something very sweet, hot, or cold;

• Sudden, intense pain in the mouth;

• Infection in the mouth.

If pulp diseases aren't properly managed, you can lose your teeth.

Ex.11. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following word-combinations:

Кровоносні судини, галузь стоматології, запобігання хворобам пульпи, тверді зовнішні шари зуба, пошкодження пульпи, оточуючі тканини, запалення пульпи, раптовий біль, інфекція сполучної тканини, видалити зуб, затверділа тканина, частки їжі, гігієна ротової порожнини.

Ex.12. Answer the following questions:

1. How can the pulp be damaged? 2. What pulp diseases can you name? 3. What are the symptoms of reversible pulpitis? 4. What can untreated irreversible pulpitis result in? 5.Why does the patient experience extreme pain in case of dental pulp calcification? 6. What kind of condition is dental pulp exposure? 7. What symptoms of pulp diseases do you know? 8. What is the best way to prevent pulp diseases?

Ex.13. Insert the missing words:

1. Pulp damage can range from mild tooth _______ to complete nerve death of the tooth to infection of the _________ tissues. 2. The branch of ________ that specializes in preventing and treating pulp problems is called en­do­dontics. 3. Pain is the most ______ symptom of dental pulp exposure. 4. Advanced periodontal _______ can also infect the pulp. 5. The pulp may be injured when your dentist grinds a tooth in ________ for a deep filling or restoration. 6. Poor dental ________ is the main reason for tooth decay, tooth pain, and other oral health conditions.

Ex.14. Write out key words of the text “Pulp diseases”.

Ex.15. Compose the detailed plan of the text “Pulp diseases”.

Ex.16. Retell the text “Pulp diseases” according to your plan.

Ex.17. Read and retell the following text:

Pulpitis

Pulpitis is the term for all forms of pulp inflammation. The pulp may be irritated by decay in the nearby dentin or by inflammation from periodontal disease. Often pulpitis is reversible. In some cases, a natural coating of dentin will form over the pulp to shield it from the

irritant, and the nerve will recover without treatment.

In situations where the pulp cannot heal itself, pulpitis is classified as irreversible. A bacterial infection in the pulp usually kills the nerve. The infection then spreads through the dead tissue in the root canal and passes through the opening at the end of the root into the surrounding tissues. A cavity then forms in the alveolar bone and fills with pus. This pocket of infection is called an abscess. The pressure from the swelling tissue and the mounting pus forces the tooth slightly upward. At this point, severe pain, fever, weakness, and facial swelling are almost always present. Root canal therapy or tooth extraction are the only ways to prevent the infection from invading other parts of the body.

Ex.18. Insert the missing words given below:

When the pulp becomes inflamed _________ begins to build up in the pulp cavity exerting pressure on the nerve of the tooth and the surrounding _______. Pressure from inflammation can cause mild to extreme ____, depending upon the severity of the inflammation. Often, _______ can create so much pressure on the tooth nerve the individual will have trouble locating the _______of the pain, confusing it with neighbouring ______. Unlike other parts of the _____ where pressure can dissipate through the surrounding soft tissues and where lymph can reach, the pulp ________ is very different. The dentin surrounding the pulp is ______ and does not give under the pressure of the inflammation so the pressure has very little chance of dissipating before pulpal necrosis occurs.

tissues, pulpitis, pain, source, pressure, hard, cavity, body, teeth

Ex.19. Read the text and speak on stages of root canal therapy:

Pulp Diseases Treatment: Root Canal Therapy

If damaged pulp in your tooth isn't taken out, a severe infection can spread to surrounding tissue, including your jaw bone. A root canal procedure to remove the pulp tissue is usually performed over several visits by a regular dentist or a pulp specialist, called an endodontist. The root canal therapy may spare you from having to get the infected tooth removed.

Here's what you can expect from root canal therapy:

First visit. The diseased pulp is removed and the empty space, the root canal, is cleaned out and enlarged. Special medications may be placed in the canal to disinfect the area. A temporary filling may be placed as well, or your dentist may choose to leave the canal open and let the tooth drain for a few days. An oral antibiotic may also be recommended to treat infection in the tissues surrounding your tooth.

Second visit. The temporary filling is removed and a permanent filling is placed.

Final visit. A crown is placed over the tooth to reinforce the tooth and make it stronger.

Overview

The life or death of a tooth depends on the health of the pulp. The pulp can be damaged due to undetected tooth de­­cay, advanced periodontal disease, broken or knocked out tooth, abrasion and erosion. Pulp damage can be reversible or irreversible. There are several different pulp diseases, including: reversible pulpitis, irreversible pulpitis, dental pulp calcification, dental pulp exposure. Depending on the type of pulp disease, symptoms may vary in intensity and can include: pain in a tooth or teeth when you eat something very sweet, hot, or cold; sudden, intense pain in the mouth; infection in the mouth. Treatment of pulp diseases includes root canal therapy or extraction.

Lesson 9

Periodontal diseases