Vocabulary

halitosis ["hælI'təusIs] галітоз	break down ['breɪk 'daun ] розщеплювати
odor ['əud(ə)] запах	contribute [kən'trIbju:t], ['kɔntrIbju:t] сприяти
exhale [eks'heɪl], [ɪks-] видихати	rot [rɔt] гнити, псуватися
breath [breθ] дихання	foul [faul] той, що неприємно пахне, брудний
breathe [brI:ð] дихати	xerostomia ["zerə'stəumIə] ксеростомія (сухість у роті)
coating ['kəutIŋ] покриття, наліт	protein ['prəutI:n] білок, протеїн
sulphur ['sʌlfə] сірка	exacerbate [ɪg'zæsəbeIt], [eg-] загострювати, погіршувати

Word-building

COMPOUND WORDS

Ex. 1. Familiarize yourself with the following material:

head голова + ache біль = headache головний біль

Ex. 2. Read and translate the following words:

Textbook; homework; stomachache; toothache; gallbladder; cheeckbone; eyebrow.

GRAMMAR:

VERBAL NOUN

V + -ing

Ex. 3. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the verbal nouns:

1. The reading of this article is necessary. 2. The using of this method has been known for over 152 years. 3. What are the readings of this device? 4. The bleeding was severe. 5. The remodeling is responsible for the formation of new osteons in compact bone. 6. The prominent openings into the skull are orbits and the nasal cavity.

Reading and developing speaking skills

Ex. 4. Read VOCABULARY and memorize new words.

Ex. 5. Compose 2-3- sentences using the words of VOCABULARY.

Ex.6. Insert the missing letters:

Br_ath, dent_re, ba_teria, he_lth, l_ngs, brus_ing, flo_sing, te_eth, gu_s, ton_ue, tas_e, mo_th, di_ease, s_mptom, sal_va, gl_nd, p_ysician, res_iratory, sinus_tis, di_order.

Ex.7. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:

Health condition, condition, cause, certain foods, contribute, garlic, onions, bloodstream, poor oral healthcare, routine examinations, taste, improper cleaning, dentures, food particles, primary symptoms, immediate care, saliva production, remove debris.

Ex.8. Read the following text:

Halitosis

Halitosis is an oral health condition characterized by consistently bad breath. The bad smell is usually caused by chemical molecules containing sulphur. These are produced when bacteria that live in the mouth break down protein in the diet. There are just as many causes of bad breath as there are sources of bacteria in the mouth. Halitosis may be caused by certain foods, poor oral healthcare, improper cleaning of dentures, periodontal disease, xerostomia (dry mouth), tobacco products, certain medical disorders etc.

Diet. When a person does not brush or floss their teeth thoroughly, food particles may remain in the mouth. These particles may rot and cause foul odors. In addition, food particles over time can promote the growth of bacteria, which can also cause foul odors. The bacteria can also lead to tooth decay and gum disease. Foods with strong odors also affect the air a person exhales. Foods commonly known to contribute to bad breath include onions and garlic, exotic spices (such as curry), some cheeses, fish, and acidic beverages such as coffee. Foods are absorbed into the bloodstream and then transferred to the lungs, causing noticeable odors when exhaled.

Dry mouth. Bad breath can also be caused by decreased flow of saliva, which is a vital part of the digestive process and removes odor-causing particles in the mouth. Also called xerostomia, dry mouth may be caused by medications, breathing through the mouth, or salivary gland problems.

Tobacco products. In addition to causing bad breath, smoking or chewing tobacco-based products can stain teeth, irritate gum tissue, and exacerbate tooth decay.

Medical disorders. Certain medical disorders may cause bad breath, for example: gum or periodontal infection, throat infection (pharyngitis or tonsillitis), local infection in the respiratory tract, chronic sinusitis, chronic bronchitis, diabetes, liver or kidney disease, etc.

Dentures or dental appliances. Dentures or dental appliances, such as braces, can contribute to bad breath. Most often it is due to food particles that are not properly cleansed from the appliances. Loose-fitting dentures can contribute to sores and localized infections in the mouth, which can cause bad breath.

Morning breath. Overnight, bacteria accumulate in the mouth, causing bad breath that is commonly referred to as 'morning breath.' Some people breathe through their mouth at night, which can cause dry mouth and worsen morning breath.

Many individuals with bad breath may be unaware they have it, or their symptoms may only be temporary. The odor often depends upon the source or underlying cause of the bad breath. Some common symptoms of bad breath include: bad breath smell, bad taste or taste changes, dry mouth, and a coating on the tongue.

Specific treatment for halitosis will be determined by your physician or dentist based on health of your mouth; cause or origin of the condition; extent of the condition; your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies; your opinion or preference.

Ex.9. Find in the text the equivalents for the following words and word-combinations:

Джерело бактерій, часточки їжі, тимчасовий, слина, слинні залози. розлад кишково-шлункового тракту, процес травлення, неприємний присмак, сухість у роті, походження, уподобання, виразки у роті, погіршувати, інфекція горла, найпоширеніші симптоми, всмоктуватися у кровотік, ретельно чистити зуби зубною щіткою, залежати від, наліт на язиці.

Ex.10. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the scientific name for bad breath? Give definition for halitosis. 2. What is the bad smell usually caused by? 3. What are the possible causes of halitosis? 4. Do foods with strong odors affect the breath? If yes, explain how. 5. What food items contributing to bad breath do you know? 6. How can decreased flow of saliva cause bad breath? 7. What kinds of medical disorders may cause bad breath? 8. What can breathing through the mouth at night lead to? 9. What are the most common symptoms of bad breath? 10. Who can prescribe specific treatment for halitosis? 11. What is the treatment for halitosis based on?

Ex.11. Insert the missing words:

1. The odor often depends upon the ________ or underlying cause of the bad breath. 2. Bad breath can also be caused by decreased flow of _______. 3. When a person does not brush or floss their teeth thoroughly, food __________ may remain in the mouth. 4. Certain medical _________ may cause bad breath. 5. Foods with strong __________ also affect the air a person exhales. 6. Halitosis is an oral health __________ characterized by consistently bad breath.

Ex.12. Insert the missing prepositions (of, for, by, on, against):

The most widely-known reason to clean the tongue is … the control … bad breath. Methods used … bad breath, such as mints, mouth sprays, mouthwash or gum, may only temporarily mask the odors created … the bacteria … the tongue, but cannot cure bad breath because they do not remove the source … the bad breath. In order to prevent the production … the sulfur-containing compounds mentioned above, the bacteria … the tongue must be removed, as must the decaying food debris present on the rear areas of the tongue. Most people who clean their tongue use a tongue cleaner (tongue scraper), or a toothbrush.

Ex.13. Supply the necessary words given below:

Tooth decay and ______ disease are the main causes of ____ breath. Make sure you have regular dental ____________ and see a dental ___________. Brush your teeth _______ a day and after meals with a toothpaste that inhibits ____________, and try using a _____________. Look for mouthwashes that ____________ oil and water components, which may be more ___________ because bacteria and sulphide compounds are more easily dissolved in oil than water. Smoking is one of the most common _________ of bad breath, especially because it can lead to gum __________. Stop _____________ if possible.

a) hygienist b) gum c) check-ups d) bad e) bacteria f) twice

g) combine h) mouthwash i) effective j) smoking k) disease l) causes

Ex.14. Read the following text and entitle it.

Most of us have bad breath in the morning, but that issue can be prevented by proper oral hygiene. If you can follow some simple steps you can prevent or reduce the bad breath in your mouth. So here they are:

Oral hygiene

We must keep in mind that every time we eat we are exposed to the bacteria in our mouth. After we eat we have to brush our teeth or at least gargle with warm water. The brushing though is essential and at least twice a day: in the morning and in the evening.

How do we brush our teeth?

You do not have to brush your teeth after every meal: it can damage the enamel. You just have to brush normally, paying attention to the direction of brushing. You should brush your upper teeth in a downward direction and the lower ones in the upward direction, followed by the brushing of the crown of the teeth ( in anterior and posterior direction ). This must be applied to both inner and outer surfaces, as well as to upper and lower set of teeth. You should choose a dental brush which has smooth but hard enough bristles in order to clean effectively the food remains between the teeth.

Cleaning of our tongue

The tongue can be cleaned with a tongue cleaner. In the morning we can see a white or yellowish layer on the tongue and it can be removed with tongue cleaner but ensure that you do it gently, not to hurt the taste buds.

Tooth picks

We can use the tooth pick after every meal, especially after eating meat or fish. It is a small strip of plastic or wood with pointed ends and we can successfully use it to remove food remains between the teeth, but carefully, not to hurt the gums.

Gargling

Gargling is very effective after every meal, with warm water. You can find in all stores a variety of mouth wash, with different flavors or you can make your own mouth wash from water and common salt. Both help you get rid of the bad breath.

Food can influence our breath

What we eat is representative for our bad breath. Some food, like meat, milk, eggs contain proteins that in reaction with the bacteria from the tongue can produce bad breath. Other food items have themselves an unpleasant smell. If we do not clean properly our teeth in between the gaps, the food remains will soon get an unpleasant odor. Regular meals and proper cleaning can prevent bad breath.

Proper hydration with water

The quantity of water that we drink also influences bad breath. If the quantity of saliva is enough to keep the mouth moist, the bacteria will be reduced. If we do not drink enough water, the saliva will not be enough, causing the dryness of the mouth proper to the development of bacteria who gives us the bad breath.

Natural or artificial mouth fresheners?

We can choose from a large variety of mouth fresheners, both artificial and natural. It is better that you use some natural mouth fresheners because they are good for your general health and bad breath ( citrus fruits, apples, parsley ). If you do not have any natural mouth refreshments there are always the chewing gums and artificial mouth washes, which you can find in every store, but use them carefully because an intensive use of chewing gum can lead to other health complications.

Ex.15. Speak on halitosis prevention.

Ex.16. Compose the dialogue on halitosis treatment.

Ex.17. Make up the sentences using the following words and word-combinations:

1. things/ caused /Bad breath /can/ by/ many /be. 2. for/ common /One /gingivitis /of/ is /the most /causes/ breath /chronic /issues. 3. bacteria /halitosis /The same/ that /cause /also/ gingivitis/ cause. 4. mouthwash/ people/ Many/ use/ as part of/ regimen/ morning/ their. 5. freshen /Mouthwash /helps to/ by/ the breath/ the smell/ masking/ the mouth /and /rinsing. 6. A/ bacteria /good /and /causes /mouthwash /kills/ that/ gingivitis /halitosis. 7. the right cure/ your/Periodontists / can/ for /issue /prescribe.

Ex.18. Translate into English:

1. Неприємний запах з рота – це досить поширене захворювання ротової порожнини. 2.Основною й безпосередньою причиною галітозу є дисбаланс мікрофлори ротової порожнини. 3. Ви можете уникнути галітозу. Починайте кожен день з основної гігієнічної процедури – чищення зубів зубною щіткою. 4. Чистіть зуби не менше двох хвилин. 5. Намагайтеся регулярно користуватися зубною ниткою та щіткою для чищення язика. 6. Щітки для видалення нальоту з язика можна придбати у аптеці. Це досить ефективний засіб. 7. Зубна нитка допомагає видалити з міжзубних проміжків залишки їжі, якими живляться бактерії. 8. Ротова порожнина повинна бути вологою. Слина допомагає очистити ротову порожнину оскільки містить природній антибактеріальний склад. 9. Якщо ви хочете зберегти свіжість подиху, утримайтесь від червоного вина, кави, м’яса та часнику. Всі ці продукти викликають галітоз.

Overview

Halitosis is an oral health condition characterized by consistently bad breath. The bad smell is usually caused by chemical molecules containing sulphur. Halitosis may be caused by certain foods, poor oral healthcare, improper cleaning of dentures, periodontal disease, xerostomia (dry mouth), tobacco products, certain medical disorders etc. Some common symptoms of bad breath include: bad breath smell, bad taste or taste changes, dry mouth, and a coating on the tongue. Specific treatment for halitosis will be determined by your physician or dentist based on health of your mouth; cause or origin of the condition; extent of the condition; your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies; your opinion or preference.

Lessons 14,15