1. Find in the text the English equivalents of the following phrases.

подвергаться телесному наказанию, принимать во внимание отрицательные последствия, подчиняться закону, способствовать разрешению конфликтов, атаковать военные цели, вести нормальный образ жизни, принимая во внимание природу военных действий

2. Put the words into the right order.

1. before / against / international / legal / place / violators / an / tribunal / can / action / take

2. treated / are / combatants / protected / to / humanely / be / and

3. combatants / receive / assistance / and / humanitarian / captured / have / right / civilians / the / to

4. provide / sanctions / domestic / required / against / enact / to / violators / laws / to / nations / legal / are

5. distinguish / civilian / the / conflict / to / combatants / the / population / the / shall / and / Parties / between

3. Complete the sentences by translating into English the phrases in italics.

1. Запрещается to kill or injure an enemy who сдается or who is out of the fight.

2. International humanitarian law предвидит a certain amount of дополнительной damage which sometimes, к сожалению, may include civilian потери.

3. Чем более осведомлены members of the военных сил and the general public are about law, the more likely it is to be obeyed.

4. The lives, достоинство, personal rights, and религиозные убеждения of пленных combatants and civilian internees must уважаться, which includes their protection against насилия and reprisals.

5. Судебные процессы of a soldier or civilian by his or her country’s authorities may be conducted by a военным или гражданским судом under the authority of that nation’s уголовного кодекса.

4. Correct mistakes, both grammar and lexical, in the following statements.

1. In addition with prohibiting direct attacks, IHL also prohibit indiscriminate attacks on civilians.

2. Civilians and combatants protecting by the law are entitled to fundamental judicial guarantee.

3. The basic rules of IHL calls at protection during armed conflict.

4. IHL outlaw attempts to balance a nations aknowledged legal right to attack legitimate military targets during war with the obligation of the civilian population to protect from the effects of the hostilitys.

5. Very often an attack does not takes into account negative damages to civilians.

5. Say if it is true or false and give the right answer.

1. All civilian deaths are unlawful during armed conflict.

2. The most effective means of securing compliance with humanitarian rules is to apply legal sanctions against nations violating the law.

3. The wounded and sick are to be collected and cared for by the party that has them in its power.

4. International humanitarian law outlaws armed conflict.

5. Ratifying humanitarian treaties requires all nations to enact domestic laws providing legal sanctions against violators.

Text 3. Role of the Red Cross during armed conflict, locally and overseas

IHL and the Red Cross have been linked since 1863 when Henry Dunant, a Swiss citizen, proposed that civilian volunteers be permitted to provide medical relief to wounded and sick soldiers. His ideas gave birth to what is today the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and were the inspiration for the first Geneva Convention. The Red Cross adheres to the underlying principles of IHL – humanity, impartiality, and neutrality – to safeguard its unique role in preventing and alleviating human suffering in armed conflict. Today, the Red Cross worldwide is guided by seven Fundamental Principles – Humanity, Impartiality, Neutrality, Independence, Voluntary Service, Unity, and Universality, which apply to events around the world and here at home.

Those drafting the Geneva Convention of 1864 foresaw the need for a universal symbol of protection easily recognizable on the battlefield. In honor of the Swiss origin of this initiative, the symbol of a red cross on a white background (the reverse of the Swiss flag) was identified as a protective emblem in conflict areas. The red crescent emblem was later recognized by nations as an additional emblem of humanitarian relief. Although not in the Geneva Conventions, the red shield of David is also a respected emblem. During armed conflict, these emblems are used to identify and protect authorized military medical and Red Cross relief workers, military and civilian medical facilities, mobile units, and hospital ships. They are also used to identify the programs and activities of 178 Red Cross and Red Crescent national societies, and those of the Magen David Adom (Red Shield of David) in Israel.

The Geneva Conventions state that impartial humanitarian organizations must be permitted to provide assistance, specifically naming the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and Red Cross and Red Crescent national societies. The ICRC is given important responsibilities, a role that has grown in significance over the last 125 years. A private Swiss institution, the ICRC is the "guardian" of the Geneva Conventions and works with all sides of a conflict – through diplomatic means – to ensure that humanitarian obligations are upheld.

ICRC delegates visit POWs and civilian internees. They inspect facilities where individuals are sheltered; work with the detaining power to resolve any violations, deliver relief parcels, and exchange special family messages (Red Cross Messages). The ICRC also provides food and medical supplies to the endangered civilian population.

In addition to IHL public education in peacetime, the national societies assist relief operations in their own countries and internationally. This includes channeling needed goods and contributions, recruiting medical and relief workers, and providing a global link with the ICRC's efforts to locate and reunite separated family members.

The need for IHL becomes more imperative as the world faces new challenges. Since Henry Dunant's vision was put into action in 1863, the International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent has brought together nations signatory to the Geneva Conventions. The Conference provides a regular forum to promote humanitarian efforts worldwide and respond to crises.

1. Match English and Russian equivalents.

1) to provide medical relief 2) protective emblem 3) to alleviate human suffering 4) red crescent 5) endangered civilian population 6) to be given important responsibilities 7) to uphold humanitarian obligations

a) облегчать человеческие страдания b) защищать гуманитарные обязанности c) красный полумесяц d) наделяться важными обязательствами e) предоставлять медицинскую помощь f) гражданское население в опасности g) защитная эмблема