1.5. The Specific Place of Philosophy in Culture. Functions of Philosophy

The phenomenon of culture reveals the role and place of philosophy in the life of man and society. Considering the essence and structure of culture, it is possible to determine philosophy as one of the components of culture. The concept of culture (from Lat. “cultura" meaning tilling) \is basically connected with something that is done well —not only what is done but also how and what for. Activity is a mode of man’s master­ing the world. Culture is a kind of magic crystal that focuses all being. It is the creative principle of life of the individual and of society as a whole; it is not just an ability taken to the point of art but a morally sanctioned goal.

An ensemble of material and non-material values and of methods of creating them, and the ability to use them for the advancement of mankind and to transmit them from generation to generation, con­stitute culture. The starting point and the source of the development of culture is human labor, the forms of its application, and its re­sults.

Material culture includes, above all, the means of production and the objects of labor drawn into the circle of social being. It is an indication of man's practical mastery over nature. Non-material culture incorporates science and the extent to which science is ap­plied in production and everyday life; the state of education, en­lightenment, health services, art; moral norms of members of society behavior; and the level of people's needs and in­terests. Culture is not simply a set, an aggregate of material and spiritual values. Culture is an integral system in which every element is closely related to others. The elements of culture are production, way of life, technique, politics, law, moral, science, philosophy, religion, art etc. They influence each other and everyday life of people. In the process of life being everybody is plunged in all types of culture to a certain extent. Society is an integral social-cultural organism in which the different types of activity of people – material and spiritual – provide the development of every element and connections between these elements in a historical process.

In their intercourse worldview categories of culture form an integral image of the human world, they accumulate historically acquired social experience. These categories help man to realize and estimate his being purport and his unique place in the world; to systematize and to structure his individual and social experience. There are such universal categories as “human”, “society”, “consciousness”, ‘knowledge”, “good”, “evil”, “belief”, “hope”, “duty”, “dignity”, “conscience”, “freedom”, “beauty” etc, which pierce all spheres of society’s life.

Philosophy as a component of culture simultaneously carries out reflection on the elements of culture and universal categories which represent them. Philosophy plays an integrative role in the system of culture that determines its basic functions, namely, worldview, gnosiological, methodological, axiological, logical, praxeological, critical etc.

Worldview function – philosophy helps man to find and ground his life orientation, to clear out the essence and significance of life values and priorities. Philosophy does not only influence the formation and development of an individual’s worldview, but it investigates worldview as a social phenomenon, defines fundamental characteristics of a definite historical epoch, definite nations and some definite groups of people.

Gnosiological function - philosophy answers the questions of knowability of the world, limits of cognition, essence of the truth, object and subject of cognition, stages, levels and forms of cognition, laws of cognitive process, ways and facilities of achievement of the truth, methods of verification of true knowledge, essence and role of practice in the process of cognition and others. Philosophy also works out universal principles of the cognitive process underlining specific character of man’s consciousness and the world relation.

Methodological function - philosophy correlates and coordinates application of philosophical, scientific and concrete-scientific cognitive facilities: methods, principles, approaches. Universal philosophical methodology in relation to concrete scientific methods serves as the means of generalization and grounds of scientific principles; it determines logical connections between separate groups of methods. Philosophy provides the boost of scientific knowledge. Philosophical method, used together with concrete sciences methods is capable to help these sciences to work out complex theoretical problems, to foresee scientific discoveries.

Axiological function – philosophy develops a theory of such values as Good, Justice, Truth, Beauty and others; studies their origin, classifies them into material and spiritual, social and individual, builds up a hierarchy of values and defines their role in human life.

Logical function – philosophy provides the formation of human thought culture, the development of critical unprejudiced position in individual and social-cultural dialogues.

Praxeological function consists in that the system of philosophical knowledge mastered by man grows into the instruments of active, transforming influence on the surrounding world (both natural and social) and on man himself. Really, transforming the world man changes himself. Philosophy plays an important role in man's determination of his own being purport and facilities of its implementation.

Critical function is manifested in opposition of philosophy to empirical reality, to everyday life, in destruction of various habitual stereotypes and prejudices and search for a more perfected human world.

Philosophical knowledge is called not only to help man to be oriented in the world, but it also serves as a means of making a theoretical model for man to carry out proper transformations. Philosophical knowledge summarizes all types of communication between people; through universal categories it shows the unity of various forms of their vital activity and their indissoluble connection with the world.

Basic concepts and categories:

Philosophy is an area of intellectual activity which is based both on a special type of thought and on the autonomy of its subject-matter – man in his relation to the world;

Worldview is a system of generalized sensibilities, of intuitive notions and theoretical views of the surrounding world and man’s place in it, of man’s many-sided relations to the world, to himself and to other people, the system of the basic orientations in life, not always consciously realized by an individual or a society, their convictions, ideals and value orientations; their socio-political, moral, aesthetic and religious principles of knowledge and judgments.

Spirituality is a philosophical category denoting the process of human self-creation that is developing one’s own “inner world” and personal life position, determining one’s proper place in the world.

World is a philosophical category denoting the unity of natural and social reality which is determined by man’s practical activity. It is first of all human worlds as a real process of man’s living being taken in its real existence as human reality.

Culture is an ensemble of material and non-material values and methods of creating them, the ability to use them for the advancement of mankind and to transmit them from generation to generation.

Materialism takes the world which exists objectively and independently of consciousness of man and mankind. Explanation of the world from the world itself is the worldview and methodological principle of materialism.

Idealism is the philosophical position insisting that the development of the world is determined by a spiritual element.

Agnosticism is the philosophical position rejecting knowability of the world in principle.

Monism is the philosophical system which explains all the diversity of the world in terms of one substance only either matter or spirit.

Dualism is the philosophical position recognizing equality of both elements, the material and the ideal, in the development of the world.

Pluralism is the philosophical position accepting a number of elements constituting the diversity of the world.

Dialectics is the method and the theory of development in its most complete, deep-going, and comprehensive form. It is based on two basic principles: development and universal connection.

Metaphysics is characterized by static mode of thinking, by the veering of thought from one extreme to the other, by exaggeration of some aspect of an object, such as stability, repetition, and relative independence.