Grammar exercises

Exercise 1. Make the sentences negative.

Model: This commercial bank had already stopped to exist when the war started.

This commercial bank hadn’t stopped to exist yet when the war started.

1. He had already changed currency when I rang him up yesterday.

2. They had already chartered the commercial bank when I organized my private café.

3. He had looked over the financial statement by five o’clock yesterday.

4. My brother had made a career in banking when he was 26.

5. He had put all his money on his savings account before the money reform was introduced.

Marketing

Marketing includes all the business activities connected with the movement of goods and services from producers to consumers. Sometimes it is called distribution. On the one hand marketing is made up of such activities as transporting, storing and selling goods and on the other hand a series of decisions you make during the process of moving goods from producer to user. Marketing operations include product planning, buying, storage, pricing, promotion, selling, credit, traffic and marketing research.

The ability to recognize early trends is very important. Producers must know why, where, for what purpose the consumers buy. Market research helps the producer to predict what the people will want. And through advertising he attempts to influence the customer to buy. Marketing operations are very expensive. They take up more than half of the consumer’s dollar. The trend in the USA has been to high mass consumption. The construction of good shopping centers has made goods available to consumers. It provided a wide range of merchandise and plenty of parking facilities.

Active Vocabulary

producer

consumer

user

distribution

marketing

transporting

storing

storage

product planning

pricing

promotion

traffic

marketing research

trend

to predict

to influence

производитель

потребитель

потребитель

сбыт, распределение

продажа, сбыт, маркетинг

транспортировка

складирование, хранение

хранение

разработка новых продуктов

калькуляция цен

содействие в продаже (какого-либо товара), например, с помощью рекламы

зд. торговля

изучение рынка сбыта

тенденция, общее направление

предсказывать

влиять

Comprehension Questions

1. What does marketing mean?

2. What activities does marketing consist of?

3. What do marketing operations include?

4. Why is it so important for the producer to predict the trends?

5. How was mass consumption possible in the USA?

Vocabulary Practice

Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence:

predict, influence, promote, marketing, trends, distribution, market research, product planning, consumer.

1. One of the aims of market research is to indicate new … among people.

2. Advertising must … the consumer and make him buy the goods produced.

3. Often marketing is called ….

4. In order to sell a new product a producer has to consider how to … it.

5. The goods of this company are not sold very well, they must think about ….

6. Sometimes it is difficult to influence … through advertising.

7. If you want to produce something new you should start with ….

8. A producer wants to … the new trends and then tries to influence them.

9. … includes product development and pricing among other things.