- •4И(Англ.) к69
- •Preface to the second edition
- •General notions the verb
- •Actions and states
- •Qualitative characteristics of processes
- •Verbal modes of action
- •General and variant lexical meanings of verbs
- •Part I grammatical content of the finite forms grammatical categories of the english verb
- •Verbal aspect
- •Finite and non-finite verbal forms
- •Time and aspect relations denoted by the english verbal forms
- •Time content of the finite verb forms
- •Logical Time
- •Processes of the Objective World and Time Relationships
- •Irrelevancy of the Meaning of Simultaneousness for the Grammatical Content of the Dynamic Tenses
- •Aspectual content of tenses
- •Present, past, and future tenses (absolute tenses)
- •PastStatic a n d p a s t d у n a m і с
- •Future Static and Future Dynamic
- •Present Static and Present Dynamic
- •Model II
- •Present Static and Present Dynamic
- •Past Static and Past Dynamic
- •Future Static and Future Dynamic
- •Model III
- •Present Static and Present Dynamic
- •Past Static and Past Dynamic
- •Future Static and Future Dynamic
- •Model IV
- •The Beforefuture Static Tense1
- •Irrelevancy of the Meaning Concrete Process for the Grammatical Content of the Dynamic Tenses
- •Irrelevancy of the Meanings Resultative Connections, Current Relevance, and Completeness for the Grammatical Content of the Anterior Tenses
- •The system of the english tenses
- •Part II the use of the tenses relative frequency of the tenses
- •Table III frequency of use of anterior dynamic, beforefuture static, and future dynamic tenses
- •Table IV the use of tenses in technical literature1
- •In different kinds of text
- •In the passive voice
- •Table VII
- •Factors influencing the choice of the tenses in speech
- •Factors Conditioned Mainly by the Peculiarities of the English Verb System
- •The Historical Factor
- •Harmony Between Tense-sequence Meaning and Speech Information
- •Factors Permitting the Speaker to Choose From Two or More Tenses
- •Economy of Speech Efforts
- •Direction of Speech Intentionality
- •Stylistic Considerations
- •The use of absolute static tenses
- •The present static
- •Processes Objectively Belonging to Present Time
- •Processes Objectively Belonging to Past Time
- •Adverbials of Time Used with the Present Static
- •The past static
- •The use of the past static to refer to sequent processes
- •The use of the past static to refer to simultaneous processes
- •The Past Static in Sentences Where Resultative Connections with the Present are Expressed
- •The Past Static in Sentences with Ever, Never, Always, Before
- •The Use of the Past Static after the Beforepresent Static in the Same or Different Sentences
- •Parallel uses of the past and the beforepast static
- •The past static and definiteness of verbal processes in time
- •Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases of Time Frequently Combined with the Past Static
- •Miscellaneous
- •The future static
- •Miscellaneous
- •The use of absolute dynamic tenses
- •The present dynamic
- •Processes Objectively Belonging to Present Time
- •Processes Objectively Belonging to Future Time
- •Processes Objectively Belonging to Past Time
- •The present dynamic to refer to simultaneous processes
- •The present dynamic to refer to sequent processes
- •Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time combined with the present dynamic
- •Verbs used in the present dynamic
- •Miscellaneous
- •The past dynamic
- •Examples of Verbal Processes of Increasing Length
- •The past dynamic to refer to simultaneous processes
- •Synchronous Processes:
- •Sentences with a While-Clause (see Table XIV).
- •The past dynamic to refer to processes begun or terminated when another process represented in its limits took place
- •The past dynamic to refer to processes correlated with a situation existing or a process occurring at the moment of speaking
- •Parallel uses of the past dynamic and anterior tenses
- •The past dynamic to refer to processes future relative to some moment in the past
- •Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time combined with the past dynamic
- •Verbs used in the past dynamic2
- •Miscellaneous
- •The future dynamic
- •Examples of Verbal Processes of Increasing Length
- •The future dynamic to refer to simultaneous processes
- •The future dynamic to refer to sequent processes
- •Adverbials of time combined with the future dynamic
- •Verbs used in the future dynamic3
- •Verbs used in the beforefuture static
- •Inclusive and Exclusive Processes
- •Verbs used in the beforepresent dynamic
- •Independent Clauses
- •Included Clauses
- •Verbs used in the beforepast dynamic
Miscellaneous
The Future Static to Refer to Inclusive Processes. Processes denoted by verbs in the Future Static often, objectively, include the moment of speaking. For example:
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1. "Oh, I love you so much. I always will" (J. O'Hara); 2. "I feel all mixed up about you. I always did and I always will" (I. Shaw); 3. "My life is a mess. It always has been, and it always will be" (D. Parker); 4. "My heart was yours, and is and will be yours for ever" (G. Meredith).
The speaker, however, uses a future tense because mentally he excludes the moment of speaking and is in future.
The Future Static to Express Modal Meanings. The Future Static is frequently used to express modal meanings, such as probability (examples a) or refusal (examples b). In such cases the structure will + -f- Infinitive is referred to by some linguists as a modal phrase homonymous with the Future Tense. Examples:
l."Oh, there's the bell — that'll be Lily" (D. Parker)(That may be Lily; that is probably Lily); 2. "You'll be from college, perhaps?" (J. Galsworthy); 3. "Is Mr. Cuthcott in?" —"No, Miss: he'll be down at the paper. 205 Fludgate Street" (J. Galsworthy); 4. "Midday," he said, after clearing his throat. "The lads will be at dinner" (H. Smith); 5. "You'll know the Torvers, I suppose." — "My father worked at their mill," I said (J. Braine); 6. She was, as the reader will remember, the only daughter of Mrs. Pangs (H. G. Wells);
(in negative sentences) 1. "She's gone off her food. It doesn't matter what I cook, she won't eat it" (D. Cusack) (She cannot be made to eat it); 2."Why won't the rabbit drink its milk, mother?" (D. H. Lawrence); 3."No, she's not to blame 1 She has told him her mind; he won't listen" (G. Meredith); '4." I haven't seen the baby yet, papa. They won't let us in" (Th. Wolfe); 5. "It's a machine — but what kind of machine, he won't say" (R. Gehman); 6. One of the men tries to start the engine. Pop-poppity-pfft! It will not start (D. Russell).
It will be ... before ...: 1. "It won't be more than a day now before I start" (H. G. Wells); 2." It will be perhaps three weeks, a month before she can be moved" (D. Cusack); 3. It will be more months before the Bill becomes law (D. Worker).
The Future Static in Clauses of Condition and Time. The use of the Future Static in the adverbial clauses of condition and time is extremely rare (0.8%) and should be avoided by the student (see two examples on page 56).
The use of absolute dynamic tenses
The absolute dynamic tenses are used to denote verbal processes referred to the speaker's mental time and represented as relatively dynamic.
The present dynamic
The Present Dynamic makes only about 2% of all the tenses used in fiction and about 1% in technical literature. It is used when the speaker refers a verbal process to his mental present and represents it as relatively dynamic. Objectively, a process denoted by a verb in the Present Dynamic can belong to present (90%), past (4%), or future
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(6%). It can be concrete or abstract, continuous or repeated, isolated or simultaneous or sequent with other processes. Its length ranges from several instants to infinite.