- •4И(Англ.) к69
- •Preface to the second edition
- •General notions the verb
- •Actions and states
- •Qualitative characteristics of processes
- •Verbal modes of action
- •General and variant lexical meanings of verbs
- •Part I grammatical content of the finite forms grammatical categories of the english verb
- •Verbal aspect
- •Finite and non-finite verbal forms
- •Time and aspect relations denoted by the english verbal forms
- •Time content of the finite verb forms
- •Logical Time
- •Processes of the Objective World and Time Relationships
- •Irrelevancy of the Meaning of Simultaneousness for the Grammatical Content of the Dynamic Tenses
- •Aspectual content of tenses
- •Present, past, and future tenses (absolute tenses)
- •PastStatic a n d p a s t d у n a m і с
- •Future Static and Future Dynamic
- •Present Static and Present Dynamic
- •Model II
- •Present Static and Present Dynamic
- •Past Static and Past Dynamic
- •Future Static and Future Dynamic
- •Model III
- •Present Static and Present Dynamic
- •Past Static and Past Dynamic
- •Future Static and Future Dynamic
- •Model IV
- •The Beforefuture Static Tense1
- •Irrelevancy of the Meaning Concrete Process for the Grammatical Content of the Dynamic Tenses
- •Irrelevancy of the Meanings Resultative Connections, Current Relevance, and Completeness for the Grammatical Content of the Anterior Tenses
- •The system of the english tenses
- •Part II the use of the tenses relative frequency of the tenses
- •Table III frequency of use of anterior dynamic, beforefuture static, and future dynamic tenses
- •Table IV the use of tenses in technical literature1
- •In different kinds of text
- •In the passive voice
- •Table VII
- •Factors influencing the choice of the tenses in speech
- •Factors Conditioned Mainly by the Peculiarities of the English Verb System
- •The Historical Factor
- •Harmony Between Tense-sequence Meaning and Speech Information
- •Factors Permitting the Speaker to Choose From Two or More Tenses
- •Economy of Speech Efforts
- •Direction of Speech Intentionality
- •Stylistic Considerations
- •The use of absolute static tenses
- •The present static
- •Processes Objectively Belonging to Present Time
- •Processes Objectively Belonging to Past Time
- •Adverbials of Time Used with the Present Static
- •The past static
- •The use of the past static to refer to sequent processes
- •The use of the past static to refer to simultaneous processes
- •The Past Static in Sentences Where Resultative Connections with the Present are Expressed
- •The Past Static in Sentences with Ever, Never, Always, Before
- •The Use of the Past Static after the Beforepresent Static in the Same or Different Sentences
- •Parallel uses of the past and the beforepast static
- •The past static and definiteness of verbal processes in time
- •Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases of Time Frequently Combined with the Past Static
- •Miscellaneous
- •The future static
- •Miscellaneous
- •The use of absolute dynamic tenses
- •The present dynamic
- •Processes Objectively Belonging to Present Time
- •Processes Objectively Belonging to Future Time
- •Processes Objectively Belonging to Past Time
- •The present dynamic to refer to simultaneous processes
- •The present dynamic to refer to sequent processes
- •Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time combined with the present dynamic
- •Verbs used in the present dynamic
- •Miscellaneous
- •The past dynamic
- •Examples of Verbal Processes of Increasing Length
- •The past dynamic to refer to simultaneous processes
- •Synchronous Processes:
- •Sentences with a While-Clause (see Table XIV).
- •The past dynamic to refer to processes begun or terminated when another process represented in its limits took place
- •The past dynamic to refer to processes correlated with a situation existing or a process occurring at the moment of speaking
- •Parallel uses of the past dynamic and anterior tenses
- •The past dynamic to refer to processes future relative to some moment in the past
- •Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time combined with the past dynamic
- •Verbs used in the past dynamic2
- •Miscellaneous
- •The future dynamic
- •Examples of Verbal Processes of Increasing Length
- •The future dynamic to refer to simultaneous processes
- •The future dynamic to refer to sequent processes
- •Adverbials of time combined with the future dynamic
- •Verbs used in the future dynamic3
- •Verbs used in the beforefuture static
- •Inclusive and Exclusive Processes
- •Verbs used in the beforepresent dynamic
- •Independent Clauses
- •Included Clauses
- •Verbs used in the beforepast dynamic
Miscellaneous
To be Going + Infinitive. The Present Dynamic of the verb to go plus an Infinitive is used to represent a process denoted by the Infinitive of a verb as a piece of objective reality in the future. The conctruc-tion is devoid of the modality often present in the Future Tenses. Examples:
1 ."Oh, Mother, Mother," she sobbed." Am I going to die>I don't want to die." —"Of course you're not going to die" (W. S. Maugham) (Will my death be a piece of objective reality?). 2. "Now they're doing something positive, I know I'm going to get better" (D. Cusack); 3. "We're not going to be here (in this world) so much longer, and neither of us needs the money" (Th. Dreiser); 4. "Come on, Sophie. We're going to dance" (W. S. Maugham).
Sometimes, especially in American English, the verb to fix is used in this construction synonymously with the verb to go, as:
"She's fixing to spend the night with Betty," Bill said (W. Hill).
References to Facts of Objective Reality. The Present Dynamic is widely used to refer to any process of objective reality taking place at the moment of speaking,- if it is represented as relatively dynamic, for example:
l."The water's boiling at last" (G. Gordon); 2. "There's not a soul about, but the candle is burning" (H. Walpole); 3. "Help! Help! Oh, my God, I'm drowning, I'm drowning. Help!" (Th. Dreiser); 4."Aileen, I'm dying" (Th. Dreiser); 5." It's getting darker and darker" (G. Meredith); 6. "The moon is hiding now, behind one of the elms, and the evening star shining above a dead branch (J. Galsworthy).
In all such cases, reference is to objective facts. This is often emphasized by the presence in the context of such words as "it's a fact", and so on. For example:
1. "I'm not good at guessing.I like facts." — "Well, it's a fact we're dancing" (J. Lindsay); 2. " In fact, I am hoping he may mean a great deal" (Th. Dreiser); 3. "As a matter of fact I am feeling better than I've been feeling for months" (Th. Dreiser).
Successive -ing Forms. The Present Dynamic if often followed immediately by a gerund or Participle I, for example:
1 ."Are you really going travelling?" (I. Stone); 2." I'm going shopping" (M. Bryant); 3. "They think we're going mooning" (H. G. Wells); 4. I hear he's starting feeding patients to that Stillman fellow" (A. Cronin); 5. "What are you doing sitting there?" (E. James).
In such cases as"'Going shooting?' he asked" (E. Hemingway) the use of an Infinitive changes the information conveyed in speech from
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"Are you walking in order to be hunting?" to "Are you going to fire your gun?"
To be Dying + Infinitive. For the verb to die in the Present Dynamic when combined with an Infinitive or with for is used in the variant meaning "to desire greatly". For example:
1. "I told 'em about you, and they're dying to have a look at you" (S. Lewis); 2." I'm simply dying to see you" (W.S.Maugham); 3."Please," Laura said."I'm dying to play badminton" (I Shaw)."Let's have a drink. I'm dying for one" (H. Cecil).