- •4И(Англ.) к69
- •Preface to the second edition
- •General notions the verb
- •Actions and states
- •Qualitative characteristics of processes
- •Verbal modes of action
- •General and variant lexical meanings of verbs
- •Part I grammatical content of the finite forms grammatical categories of the english verb
- •Verbal aspect
- •Finite and non-finite verbal forms
- •Time and aspect relations denoted by the english verbal forms
- •Time content of the finite verb forms
- •Logical Time
- •Processes of the Objective World and Time Relationships
- •Irrelevancy of the Meaning of Simultaneousness for the Grammatical Content of the Dynamic Tenses
- •Aspectual content of tenses
- •Present, past, and future tenses (absolute tenses)
- •PastStatic a n d p a s t d у n a m і с
- •Future Static and Future Dynamic
- •Present Static and Present Dynamic
- •Model II
- •Present Static and Present Dynamic
- •Past Static and Past Dynamic
- •Future Static and Future Dynamic
- •Model III
- •Present Static and Present Dynamic
- •Past Static and Past Dynamic
- •Future Static and Future Dynamic
- •Model IV
- •The Beforefuture Static Tense1
- •Irrelevancy of the Meaning Concrete Process for the Grammatical Content of the Dynamic Tenses
- •Irrelevancy of the Meanings Resultative Connections, Current Relevance, and Completeness for the Grammatical Content of the Anterior Tenses
- •The system of the english tenses
- •Part II the use of the tenses relative frequency of the tenses
- •Table III frequency of use of anterior dynamic, beforefuture static, and future dynamic tenses
- •Table IV the use of tenses in technical literature1
- •In different kinds of text
- •In the passive voice
- •Table VII
- •Factors influencing the choice of the tenses in speech
- •Factors Conditioned Mainly by the Peculiarities of the English Verb System
- •The Historical Factor
- •Harmony Between Tense-sequence Meaning and Speech Information
- •Factors Permitting the Speaker to Choose From Two or More Tenses
- •Economy of Speech Efforts
- •Direction of Speech Intentionality
- •Stylistic Considerations
- •The use of absolute static tenses
- •The present static
- •Processes Objectively Belonging to Present Time
- •Processes Objectively Belonging to Past Time
- •Adverbials of Time Used with the Present Static
- •The past static
- •The use of the past static to refer to sequent processes
- •The use of the past static to refer to simultaneous processes
- •The Past Static in Sentences Where Resultative Connections with the Present are Expressed
- •The Past Static in Sentences with Ever, Never, Always, Before
- •The Use of the Past Static after the Beforepresent Static in the Same or Different Sentences
- •Parallel uses of the past and the beforepast static
- •The past static and definiteness of verbal processes in time
- •Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases of Time Frequently Combined with the Past Static
- •Miscellaneous
- •The future static
- •Miscellaneous
- •The use of absolute dynamic tenses
- •The present dynamic
- •Processes Objectively Belonging to Present Time
- •Processes Objectively Belonging to Future Time
- •Processes Objectively Belonging to Past Time
- •The present dynamic to refer to simultaneous processes
- •The present dynamic to refer to sequent processes
- •Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time combined with the present dynamic
- •Verbs used in the present dynamic
- •Miscellaneous
- •The past dynamic
- •Examples of Verbal Processes of Increasing Length
- •The past dynamic to refer to simultaneous processes
- •Synchronous Processes:
- •Sentences with a While-Clause (see Table XIV).
- •The past dynamic to refer to processes begun or terminated when another process represented in its limits took place
- •The past dynamic to refer to processes correlated with a situation existing or a process occurring at the moment of speaking
- •Parallel uses of the past dynamic and anterior tenses
- •The past dynamic to refer to processes future relative to some moment in the past
- •Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time combined with the past dynamic
- •Verbs used in the past dynamic2
- •Miscellaneous
- •The future dynamic
- •Examples of Verbal Processes of Increasing Length
- •The future dynamic to refer to simultaneous processes
- •The future dynamic to refer to sequent processes
- •Adverbials of time combined with the future dynamic
- •Verbs used in the future dynamic3
- •Verbs used in the beforefuture static
- •Inclusive and Exclusive Processes
- •Verbs used in the beforepresent dynamic
- •Independent Clauses
- •Included Clauses
- •Verbs used in the beforepast dynamic
Processes Objectively Belonging to Future Time
The Present Dynamic is used to refer to objectively future processes when the speaker makes them his mental present; in clauses of time and condition (see page 56); to convey the meaning of simultaneity of the process of a subordinate clause (usually object or attributive) to that of the principal clause. In 74% the Present Dynamic is modified by no adverbial indicators of time.
The relative frequency of the Present Dynamic to refer to objectively future processes in different syntactic structures:
Simple Sentence (Statements and Questions) ………… 49%
Object Clauses 23%
Independent and Principal Clauses 20%
Attributive Clauses 4%
Clauses of Time and Condition 2%(each)
Simple Sentences: l."Do you want to come along?" —"No, thanks. I'm getting some sleep" (Th. Wolfe); 2. "If you don't want to be late for lunch you'd better go and have a bath." —"I'm lunching with Larry. We're going to some place in the Latin Quarter" (W. S. Maugham);
"What are you lads drinking?" —"Thanks. We've ordered" (J. Braine); •
"It's been nice to see you, Miss Keith," I said holding out my hand. . "What are you wearing at the fancy-dress party?" (W. S. Maugham);
"Are you lunching anywhere? Come and lunch with us" (J. Galsworthy);
"Are you applying, Joe?" he asked (J. Braine).
Object Clauses: 1." Don't tell me you're catching tonight's train again" (D. Cusack); 2. "I'll be in to see how you're getting on" (A. Cronin);
3. "We'll meet you for lunch. I hope Mrs. Ballet is providing jam tarts" (E. Delafield).
Independent and Principal Clauses: 1. "I want you to come for a minute." — "Only a minute, then. It's later than I thought, and I'm dining out" (E. Delafield); 2. "It will be a cruel death?" he said. "They're using seasoned wood and she will burn before she suffocates" (Th. White); 3. "She's sending in the young ones as soon as this waltz is over so that we'll have the table for ourselves" (J. Joyce); 4." I think it will be Turner. He's letting me know this afternoon if he's available for the date" (G. Gordon).
Attributive Clauses: Before the Games open the name and nationality of every competitor, the events in which he is competing and starting order will all be fed into the computor (D. Worker); "Say, are you going to that big party the Bradleys are throwing tomorrow?" (E. Hemingway).
Processes Objectively Belonging to Past Time
The Present Dynamic is used to refer to objectively past processes in dialogues and narrations.
Dialogues (see page 65): 1. "Are you sure you've forgotten?" — "Why are you asking?" (J. Braine); 2. " I could never bear the thought of any child of mine going to the Coloured Mission School." — "What are you getting at?" (G. Gordon); 3." You're a festivity in yourself." — "You're making fun of me" (J. Braine); 4. "Dinny would learn not to notice them."—"Forgive me, but you're missing the point" (J. Galsworthy); 5. "Didwhat's-her-name show up?" —"To whom are you referring?" (D. Parker); 6. Suddenly something hard hit the Senator on the back of his head and he gave a start. "What is that?" he cried.— "He's returning your pyjamas," she answered (W. S. Maugham).
Narrations (see page 65): 1. "It was a wedding in the country. The best man makes a speech. He is beaming all over his face, and he calls for attention" (G. Gordon); 2. Suddenly their heads cast shadows forward. A car behind them is coming up the hill. Its lights dilate and sway around them (J. Updike); 3. Vera comes through the entrance. Her long yellow coat swings unbuttoned, her bun of red hair is breaking loose from its pins (J. Updike); 4. That man Trumen was so dumb his haberdashery store went bankrupt and the next minute he is running the United States of America (J. Updike); 5. "'Course I'm annoyed," said Bulrose indignantly." I'm sitting down at my office to a cup of tea when along comes an urgent message from Lady Quarn" (M. Arlen); 6. "But on the way down to the dressing station, he forgets to stoop low where the old sniper's working. He gets it through the head, too (R. Graves).