- •Часть 1
- •Часть 1
- •Preface (Предисловие)
- •Part one: conversational and grammar topics
- •1. 4Th year 7th term
- •1.1. Sources of modern law
- •1.1.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •1.1.2 Read and translate the text.
- •1.2. Branches of law
- •1.2.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •1.2.2 Read and translate the text.
- •1.1.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •1.3. Constitutional law
- •1.3.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •1.4. Grammar: System of Verb Tenses (Active and Passive Voice)
- •1.4.1 Look at the table to see how the forms of the verb predicate change in each tense group in the Active and Passive.
- •Simple, Continuous and Perfect Forms with Modal Verbs
- •1.4.2 Change the voice of the verbs in bold type.
- •1.4.3 Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the tense and voice forms of the verb predicate.
- •2. 4Th year 8 th term
- •2.1. Contract law
- •2.1.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •2.1.2 Read and translate the text.
- •2.1.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •2.2. Property law
- •2.2.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •2.2.2 Read and translate the text.
- •2.2.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •2.3. Company law
- •2.3.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •2.3.2 Read and translate the text.
- •2.3.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •2.4. Grammar: The Sequence of Tenses. Direct and Reported Speech
- •Changing time expressions and other words
- •Reported and Indirect Questions
- •Reporting Commands and Requests
- •Using Say – Tell – Ask
- •2.4.1 Change the following from Direct into Reported Speech.
- •2.4.2 Turn the following into indirect questions. Omit question marks where necessary.
- •3. 5Th year 9 th term
- •3.1. Criminal law
- •3.1.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •3.1.2 Read and translate the text.
- •3.1.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •3.2. Tort law
- •3.2.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •3.2.2 Read and translate the text.
- •3.2.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •3.3. Family law
- •3.3.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •3.3.2 Read and translate the text.
- •3.3.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •3.4. Grammar: The Infinitive Forms of the Infinitive
- •The Infinitive without ‘to’
- •3.4.1 Turn the following Present Infinitives into their Continuous and Perfect forms.
- •3.4.2 Fill in the correct form of the infinitives in brackets.
- •The Infinitive Constructions
- •3.4.3 Identify the Infinitive construction and translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •4. 5Th year 10 th term
- •4.1. International law
- •4.1.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •4.1.2 Read and translate the text.
- •4.1.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •4.2. Formation, aims and enlargement of the european union
- •4.2.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •4.2.2 Read and translate the text.
- •4.2.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •4.2.4 Copy the following table into your notebooks. Read the text again. While reading, fill in the events.
- •4.3. The principal institutions of the eu
- •4.3.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •4.3.2 Read the text and translate it into Russian using a dictionary.
- •4.3.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •4.4. Grammar: The Gerund Forms of the Gerund
- •4.4.1 Turn the following gerunds into their passive and perfect forms.
- •4.4.2 Complete the following sentences with the Gerunds from the table.
- •Constructions with the Gerund
- •4.4.3 Translate the following sentences paying attention to the constructions with the Gerund.
- •5. 6Th year 11th term
- •5.1. Human rights
- •5.1.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •5.1.2 Read and translate the text.
- •5.1.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •5.2. Universal declaration of human rights
- •5.2.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •5.2.2 Read and translate the text.
- •5.2.3 Match the following provisions of the udhr on the left to their Russian equivalents on the right.
- •5.2.4 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •5.3. The united nations organisation
- •5.3.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •5.3.2 Read the text and translate it into Russian using a dictionary.
- •5.3.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •5.4. The international court of justice
- •5.4.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •5.4.2 Read the text and translate it into Russian using a dictionary.
- •5.4.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •5.5. Grammar: The Participle Forms of the Participle
- •5.5.1 Turn the following Infinitives into Participles.
- •5.5.2. Translate the following world combinations into Russian.
- •5.5.3 In the following sentences identify the Participles and translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Constructions with the Participle
- •5.5.4 Identify the Participial constructions and translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •6. 6Th year 12th term
- •6.1. Terrorism
- •6.1.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •6.1.2 Read and translate the text.
- •6.1.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •6.2. Interpol
- •6.2.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •6.2.2 Read and translate the text.
- •6.2.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •6.3. Globalization
- •6.3.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •6.3.2 Read and translate the text.
- •6.3.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •6.4. Grammar: Linking Words
- •6.4.2 Join the following sentences using the linking words in brackets. Make as many sentences as there are linking words.
- •Bibliography
- •Содержание
- •Часть 1
4.1.2 Read and translate the text.
There are two main branches of international law: private and public. Private international law concerns the role of foreign laws within a particular country. For example, if an Englishman wants to sell property he owns in France to another Englishman, any English court must consider French law when deciding the legitimacy of sale. The term international law, however, more often refers to public international law, or the law of nations. Public international law includes legal rules that apply between sovereign states and other entities which have international personality.
International law forms a contrast to municipal or domestic law. There are some important differences between international law and the law of individual states. International law applies only between entities that have international personality; municipal law regulates the conduct of individuals and other legal entities within a separate state. Domestic laws are passed by legislative bodies; international laws or rules of international law are created by agreements among governments. Enforcement of international law is also different. Many international agreements are not always binding.
Although there is no effective international law-enforcing body, many states now incorporate principles of international law into their own domestic law for the purpose of mutual cooperation and peaceful coexistence.
The main sources of international law are: rules of international customary law, general principles of law recognized by civilized nations, and treaties.
The basic rules of customary international law can be summarized in the following fundamental principles: recognition, consent and good faith.
General principles of international law recognized by civilized nations include the following provisions:
(a) not to use force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State;
(b) to settle international disputes by peaceful means;
(c) not to intervene in matters of another State;
(d) to cooperate with one another;
(e) equal rights and self-determination of peoples;
(f) sovereign equality of States;
(g) to fulfill the obligations assumed by them.
A treaty is a written agreement between states. By treaties the subjects of international law may declare, modify, or develop existing international law. Among the issues of international law governed by treaties, five are of special significance: territory; diplomatic law and immunity; the protection of nationals abroad; freedom of commerce and navigation; extradition and asylum; and succession of international rights and obligations.
States have traditionally been recognized as the sole subjects of international law, but this position has been changed. And now international organizations and individuals are also subjects having limited capacity (when their legal rights are specified by treaty).
An international organization is an organization set up by agreement between two or more states. They range from organizations of universal membership and general competence (the UN), to regional organizations with specialized functions (NATO, European Union). Functions and powers of international organizations as an international personality are established in the constitution of a particular organization.
Individuals do not exercise international rights unless conferred expressly by treaty. The examples are: the European Convention on Human Rights 1950, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966.