Constructions with the Participle

Complex Object Noun (com. case)/ Pronoun (obj. case) + Part.1/ 2	We heard the sentence announced by the judge.	Мы слышали, как судья объявил приговор.
	I saw her entering the court.	Я видел, как она входила в здание суда
Complex Subject Noun (com. case)/ Pronoun (nom. case) + Part.1/ 2	The sentence was heard announced by the judge.	Было слышно, как судья объявил приговор.
	She was seen entering the court.	Видели, как она входила в здание суда.
Absolute Participial Construction Noun (com. case)/ Pronoun (obj. case) + Part.1/ 2	His rights being violated, he consulted a lawyer.	Так как его права были нарушены, он обратился к адвокату.

5.5.4 Identify the Participial constructions and translate the sentences into Russian in writing.

1) The Treaty having been signed, trade was at once resumed.

2) He was heard talking about 15 million people leaving their countries because of human rights violations.

3) I saw him writing a complaint to the European Ombudsman.

4) The party having failed to perform the obligations under a judgment of the Court, the Security Council decided upon measures to give effect to the judgment.

5) The court having power to interpret international law, its decisions on interpretation matters are binding on all bodies and members of the United Nations.

6) I didn’t know him being interested in international law.

7) The president of the court was seen voting.

8) There being no more evidence, the court passed the judgment.

9) Capital punishment abolished, the country could claim the membership of the European Union.

10) There being too many disputable matters involved, the decisions are reached through consensus.

6. 6Th year 12th term

6.1. Terrorism

6.1.1 Study these words before reading the text.

violence – насилие

fear – страх, опасение

to intimidate – запугивать

contemporary – современный

obedience – подчинение

to gain – получать

quest – поиски

spectacular – эффектный, бьющий на эффект

media coverage – освещение (событий) в средствах массовой информации

atrocity – жестокость, зверство, злодеяние

to combat – бороться

hostage – заложник

to pledge – обещать, клясться

deterrence – удерживание

prevention – предотвращение; предупредительная мера

intelligence – разведка

6.1.2 Read and translate the text.

Terrorism is the use of violence, including hijacking, political assassination, kidnapping and urban bombings to achieve a political purpose. In popular usage, terrorism is now used as a general term for all kinds of political violence.

There are three categories of terrorist crimes, not in legal terms but by intention.

First is the use and threat of violence to create public fear. Such crimes are directed at innocent people. The deliberate killing of civilians to intimidate the civilian population or government is one of the worst features of contemporary terrorism.

A second category of terrorist crime is actual rule by terror. It is common practice for leaders of terrorist organizations who come to power, to enforce obedience and discipline by terrorizing their own members.

Third, crimes are committed by terrorist organizations in order to gain the means for their own support. Bank robbery, kidnapping for ransom, extortion, illegal arms dealing, and drug trafficking are among the principal crimes of this nature.

One important feature of modern terrorism is its quest for spectacular horror effects in order to attract media coverage. Terrorism atrocities like the destruction of civilian airlines and murder of helpless schoolchildren were committed for publicity. The choice of New York City’s World Center as a target of a terrorist bomb was made for symbolic reasons.

Another feature of modern terrorism is its international character. That means the ability of terrorists to slip across national frontiers; and the support given to certain terrorist groups by a few countries.

International efforts to combat terrorism have led to the following international conventions:

– the Tokyo and Montreal Conventions (1963 and 1971) on hijacking and sabotage of civilian aircraft;

– the Hague Convention of 1979 on hostage taking;

– the 1973 Convention on crimes against diplomats.

These Conventions establish categories of international crimes that are punishable by any state regardless of the nationality of criminals or victims or locality of the offence.

In 1987 seven industrial democratic countries pledged themselves to take joint action against terrorism. These nations are the USA, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, France and Japan. They promised:

– to deny terrorist suspects entry into their countries;

– to provide close cooperation between police and security forces in their countries;

– to place strict restrictions on diplomatic missions suspected of being involved in terrorism;

– to cooperate in other ways.

Nowadays, the emphasis in fighting terrorism has shifted from deterrence to prevention. Today, the most effective means of preventing terrorist activity is through detailed intelligence.