6.4.2 Join the following sentences using the linking words in brackets. Make as many sentences as there are linking words.

1) The lawyer was very expensive. She couldn’t afford hiring him. (since, therefore)

2) She inherited some money. She gave most of it to charity. (when, and, after)

3) He asked for a loan. He wanted to expand his company. (because, so, as, for this reason)

4) Laws may be written. Laws may be unwritten. (either…or)

5) The emergence of a global movement is indisputable. We can speak of a real process towards a global human society of societies. (therefore, as)

6) Great Britain has a common-law system. Scotland has its own system of law. (except)

7) Leaders of terrorist organizations come to power. They enforce obedience and discipline by terrorizing their own members. (whenever, as)

8) Some authors state that we are in transition to a planetary phase of civilization. The exact form and character of the global society is contested. (however, nevertheless)

9) Americans respect law. The United States does experience crime. (although, even though, and yet, however)

10) Britain is a constitutional monarchy. There are six other constitutional monarchies in Europe. (besides, in fact, what is more)

11) His first case was successful. His second case was (not) successful. (as…as, than, nothing like, less than)

12) The essential elements of a case are (not) the same as those of previous recorded cases. The judge is (not) bound to reach the same decision. (if, provided that, unless, as long as, only if)

6.4.3 Fill in thus, therefore, for, however, further to complete the passage.

Judicial precedent is of fundamental importance in the English legal system, (1) ______ the principles of the common law, which have developed gradually through case law over the centuries, are the main source of English law.

The English courts are bound to follow decisions of higher courts in the judicial hierarchy; (2) _______ in many cases they must also follow their own decisions. Decisions of inferior courts, (3) _______, do not have binding force. Decisions concerning the interpretation of statutes are also binding, (4) _______ English lawyers must always refer to case law even if the facts of the case they are preparing are covered by statute law and not common law rules. The law reports are (5) _______ the major source of reference for members of the English legal profession.

Bibliography

1. Elliot C. and Quinn Frances ‘English Legal System’, Longman, London, 1998

2. Alison Riley ‘English for Law’, Macmilian Professional English, 1998

3. Geoffrey Rivlin Understanding the Law, Oxford University Press, 2004

4. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, M., 1992

5. Martin J., Gibbins M. The complete A-Z Law Handbook, L.: Hodderr and Stoughton, 2002.

6. Law Today, M, 1996.

7. В.С.Слепович, Translation Course, Минск, ТетраСистемс 2003

8. Комаровская С.Д. Правосудие и закон в Великобритании. Английский для юристов, M, 2000.

9. И.П.Крылова, Е.В.Крылова. Английская граматика для всех.- М., 1989.

10. Р.В. Хорень Английский язык. Лексико-грамматические тесты, Минск “Вышейшая школа”, 2004

11. Virginia Evans ‘Round-Up’ English Grammar Book, Pearson Education Limited, 2003