Grammar Perfect Tense (Часи групи Perfect)

	Active have + Past Participle (-ed)	Passive have + been + Past Participle (-ed)
Present	I have just written the letter. She has already written the letter.	The letter has been written by a secretary. All the letters have been written.
Past	We had written the letter before you came to the office (by 6 o’clock yesterday).	The letter had been written before you came in (by 6 o’clock yesterday).
Future	They will have written the letter by 6 o’clock tomorrow.	The letter will have been written by 6 o’clock tomorrow.

Present Perfect Tense

1. Дія відбулася до теперішнього моменту, час здійснення дії не вказаний.

I’ve met a lot of famous people (before now).

She has written twenty books (up to now).

Якщо вказаний час, коли була здійснена дія, вживається тільки Past Indefinite.

I lost my key the day before yesterday.

Jim went to Canada in 1999.

2. Дія відображає недавній досвід у чому-небудь (часто з прислівниками never, ever, lately, recently).

Have you ever been to China?

We have never had a car.

3. Дія закінчилась у недавньому минулому і має безпосередній результат у теперішньому часі (часто з прислівниками just, already, які зазвичай стоять після додаткового дієслова, та yet, що стоїть на кінці та вживається тільки у питальних та негативних реченнях).

I’ve lost my wallet. (I haven’t got it now)

Jim has gone to Canada. (= he is in Canada or on his way there)

Would you like something to eat? – No, thanks! I have just had lunch!

Don’t forget to post the letter, will you? – I have already posted it!

Has Ben come yet? – Бен вже прийшов?

They have not completed it yet. – Вони ще не закінчили це.

4. Дія почалася у минулому та триває у теперішньому (часто з обставинами часу since та for).

I’ve lived here for twenty years (since 1995; since I left school). – Я живу тут двадцять років.

Але: I lived there for twenty years. (I don’t live there now)

How long have you worked as a teacher? (you still work there)

5. З обставинами часу this year, today, this week, this term (якщо ці періоди часу не скінчились до моменту говоріння).

Ron hasn’t studied very much this term.

I haven’t seen Tom today. Have you?

Past Perfect Tense

Дії, що відбувались та закінчились до якогось моменту або іншої дії у минулому.

I had translated the article by five o’clock.

George didn’t want to go to the cinema with us because he had already seen the film twice.

It was my first time in an airplane. I was very nervous because I hadn’t flown before.

Future Perfect Tense

Майбутні дії, які будуть здійснені до певного моменту або певної дії у майбутньому, що виражається за допомогою прийменника by.

By the time you get home, I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.

They will have finished by tomorrow afternoon.

Exercise 5 Match a line in A with a line in B.

A	B
Joe is happy because Richard is sad because Tim is worried because Malcolm is excited because Ken is annoyed because	he has just burnt the meal. he has just got some good news. his girlfriend has gone away on business. his daughter hasn’t come home yet. his wife has just given birth to a baby.

Exercise 6 Fill in just, already or yet into each gap.

Model: I’m not hungry. I’ve just eaten my lunch.

1. Peter hasn’t phoned … and its ten o’clock. 2. Tina’s ... told me that you won. Congratulations! 3. We’ve ... seen that film – it was on last week. 4. Have you been to the doctor ...? No, I haven’t. 5. Lock the door! I’ve ... seen her coming up the path. 6. Careful! She’s ... passed her driving test. 7. Has the postman been ...? 8. Yes, he’s ... been. He was here a long time ago.

Exercise 7 Open the brackets, using verbs in the Present Perfect or Past Simple Tense.

1. I (live) in London for eight years, and I don’t want to move. 2. He (live) in Oxford for two years, and then in 1993 he (move) to London. 3. The rain (stop) and the sun is shining in the sky again. 4. The rain (stop) half an hour ago. 5. Mary (buy) a new flat. 6. I (buy) a pair of gloves yesterday. 7. We (meet) Ann and Paul three years ago. How long you (know) them? 8. Alex (meet) his friend two hours ago. 9. We just (discuss) our new plan. 10. I (see) Peter today. 11. I (not see) you for a long time. I (see) you in the town two or three days ago, but you (not see) me. I (be) on a bus.

Exercise 8 Complete the sentences with a verb from the box. Use the Present Perfect Tense.

break, buy, finish, do, go, go, lose, paint, read, take

Model: ‘Are they still having a dinner?’ ‘No, they have finished.’

1. I ... some new shoes. Do you want to see them? 2. ‘Is Tom here?’ ‘No, he ... to work.’ 3. ‘... you ... the shopping?’ ‘No, I’m going to do it later.’ 4. ‘Where is your key?’ ‘I don’t know. I ... it.’ 5. Look! Somebody ... that window. 6. Your house looks different. ... you ... it? 7. I can’t find my umbrella. Somebody ... it. 8. I am looking for Sarah. Where ... she ...? 9. ‘Do you want the newspaper?’ ‘No, thanks. I ... it.’

Exercise 9 Answer the following questions using the words in brackets.

Model: When did you last smoke? (for two years) – I haven’t smoked for two years.

1. When did it last rain? (for ages) 2. When did they last visit you? (since June) 3. When did you last play tennis? (for a long time) 4. When did you last drive? (six months) 5. When did you last go to Spain? (never)

Exercise 10 Work in pairs. Make questions by choosing a beginning from A to a suitable ending from B below. If possible, ask and answer further questions, giving details, as in the example.

Q: Have you ever lost your luggage?

A: Yes, I have.

Q: Where did you lose it?

A: I lost it when I flew to Berlin last year.

Q: Did you get it back?

A: I got it back in the end, but I had to wear the same clothes for a couple of days.

A	B
Have you ever	travelled abroad (on business)?
	ever had?
Have you worked	had an interview?
	missed a flight or connection?
How often have you	been ill this year?
How many times have you	been late for class this year?
	had a serious argument at home?
Where’s the furthest you’ve	ever travelled?
	in this company for long?
What’s the worst journey you’ve	lost your job?

Exercise 11 Read the news story and put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect or Past Simple (Active or Passive).