- •Українська державна академія
- •English for Students of Economics
- •Т.В. Колбіна
- •В.П. Сімонок
- •Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs
- •Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar
- •(Речення з дієсловом to have (have got))
- •Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs
- •Порівняльні сполучники та звороти
- •Nouns: Countable and Uncountable Plural and Singular
- •Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Past Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Future Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •From the history of railways:
- •200 Years of progress
- •Conversational practice
- •At the Railway Ticket Office
- •Word building
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Possessive Case of Nouns
- •Imperative Sentences
- •Prepositions of Time
- •Prepositions of Place
- •Questions
- •Special Questions
- •Alternative Questions
- •Tag Questions
- •Indefinite (Simple) Tense in the Passive
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •The basics of economics
- •Today’s Mixed Economies
- •Economics is everywhere
- •Breaking into new markets
- •Conversational practice
- •I’m sorry Excuse me of course Pardon
- •Word building
- •Revision exercises
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Grammar Continuous Tense
- •Present Continuous Tense
- •Past Continuous Tense
- •Future Continuous Tense
- •Verbs, used only in simple tenses
- •Pronouns
- •Numerals
- •Запам’ятайте:
- •Розміри, виміри
- •Номери телефонів, автобусів та ін.
- •Attributive Group
- •Exercise 36 Find the headword of the word combinations and translate them.
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Supply and demand
- •Seeking a balance
- •Apple iPad’s - Impressive Device
- •Joint Demand and Joint Supply
- •Why are the Salaries of Professional Sport Stars So High?
- •Computer Crime
- •Conversational practice
- •I’ll ring back later.
- •I’m having a party on Saturday. Can you come?
- •Word building
- •Grammar revision
- •The Tower of London
- •Enjoy yourself Proverbs
- •Great explorers
- •Grammar Perfect Tense (Часи групи Perfect)
- •Present Perfect Tense
- •Past Perfect Tense
- •Future Perfect Tense
- •The Loch Ness Wallet
- •Phrasal Verbs
- •The Art of Feng Shui
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Production and factors of production
- •The stages of industry
- •Services
- •The chain of distribution
- •The Knowledge Society
- •Conversational practice
- •Grammar revision
- •Amazing but true!
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Thoughts that help us live
- •Grammar Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Present Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Past Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Future Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Sequence of Tenses
- •Виключення з правила узгодження часів
- •Direct and Reported Speech
- •Питальні речення у непрямій мові
- •The Stress Interview
- •Interview
- •Наказові речення у непрямій мові
- •Expressions of Quantity Вираження кількості
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Management
- •Marketing
- •Advertising Then and Now
- •Outdoor advertising – a breath of fresh air
- •Conversational practice
- •Word building
- •Exercise 52 Translate the adjectives.
- •Grammar review
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Father’s Motto
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar
- •Infinitive
- •Exercise 6 Translate the following sentences and word combinations.
- •Exercise 7 Translate the sentences defining the function of the Infinitive.
- •The Brave Old Lady and the Hopeless Crook1
- •Complex Object
- •Exercise 14 Translate the sentences paying attention to the Complex Object.
- •Exercise 19 Translate the sentences using the Complex Object.
- •Complex Subject (Суб’єктний інфінітивний зворот)
- •Exercise 22 Translate the sentences using the Complex Subject.
- •Gerund (Герундій)
- •Функції герундія
- •Revision of Modal Verbs
- •An Overheard Conversation
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Railway transport economics
- •Exercise 41 Answer the following questions according to the text.
- •Exercise 42 Find English equivalents.
- •Logistics on the Move
- •Word building Compound words
- •Revision exercises
- •Enjoy yourself Test
- •Irregular Verbs
- •Фонетичні правила читання голосних
- •Порядок слів у стверджувальному реченні
- •Pronouns
- •Active Voice
- •Passive Voice
- •Functions of Modal Verbs and Synonymous Expressions
- •Prepositions after Particular Words and Expressions
- •Greetings
- •Getting Acquainted with People
- •Parting with People
- •Invitations and Proposals
- •Apologies
- •Answers
- •Agreeing
- •Disagreeing
- •Hesitations and Lack of Understanding
- •Starting a Conversation
- •Telephoning
- •Transitional Words
- •Word Formation
- •Literature
- •English for Students of Economics
- •310050, Харків – 50, пл. Фейєрбаха, 7
Nouns: Countable and Uncountable Plural and Singular
(Зліченні та незліченні іменники. Однина і множина)
Іменники поділяються на зліченні та незліченні.
Зліченні іменники мають однину та множину, перед ними можуть стояти неозначений a (an) або означений the артиклі.
Однина: a flower, one week, the place, this shop.
Множина: some flowers, two weeks, many places, these shops.
Утворення множини іменників, що закінчуються на:
-s/-sh/-ch/-x/-o + es: bus – buses, church – churches, tomato – tomatoes
Але! photos, pianos
y → ies: baby – babies
Але! -ay/-ey/-oy + s: day – days, monkey – monkeys
-f/-fe → ves: shelf – shelves, life – lives, wife – wives, knife – knives
Але! roofs, chiefs, safes
Іменники грецького та латинського походження:
basis – bases analysis – analyses axis – axes crisis – crises formula – formulae
|
stimulus – stimuli phenomenon – phenomena minimum – minima maximum – maxima datum – data |
Особливі випадки:
a man – men a woman – women a child – children a fish – fish a sheep – sheep a deer – deer an ox – oxen a person – people |
a goose – geese a tooth – teeth a foot - feet a mouse – mice a penny – pence (сума грошей) It costs 16 pence. Але: pennies (монети) Pennies are made of bronze. |
Незліченні іменники позначають сфери діяльності та галузі дослідження, матеріали, рідини, їжу, природні явища, абстрактні поняття тощо: education, economics, water, bread, weather, knowledge, politics, luggage, progress, research, money, vacation, evidence, fruit, hair, information, news, advice, furniture.
Вони зазвичай не мають форми множини та не вживаються з артиклем a (an) (можливо вживання the, some).
No news is good news. Time is money. He never listens to advice.
Незліченні іменники також можуть виділятися як одиничні: a glass of water, a loaf of bread, a piece of cheese, a cup of tea, a bottle of milk, a can of oil, an interesting item of news, a bit (word) of advice, pieces of luggage, scraps of information.
Деякі іменники не мають однини і вживаються частіше у множині: 1) cattle, police, crew, the British.
The police were called.
In 1581 the Dutch declared their independence from Spain.
2) парні іменники: shorts, scissors, pants, glasses, trousers, jeans.
The pants are in the drawer. A pair of pants is in the drawer.
3) clothes, congratulations, contents, funds (=money), outskirts, savings, thanks, troops, wages.
Congratulations on your new job.
She lives on the outskirts of Cambridge.
Слова, що позначають групу людей, можуть вживатися як в однині, так і у множині: class, club, committee, family, firm, government, group, team, army, crowd, jury, majority, minority, public, school, union.
Our team is/are going to win the game.
The family was (were) happy to hear the news.
Іменники, які мають у множині додаткове значення:
Однина |
Множина |
arm – рука colour – колір custom – звичка, звичай good – добро iron – залізо pain – біль scale – масштаб work – робота |
arms – зброя colours – прапор customs – митниця goods – товар irons – наручники pains – зусилля scales – вага, терези works – завод |
Exercise 29 Write the nouns in plural if possible. Find ten uncountable nouns.
Flower, umbrella, family, boat, address, foot, health, woman, knife, holiday, city, sandwich, potato, tie, photo, day, datum, date, life, bus, hair, fun, joke, ice, light, ticket, wallet, credit card, air, lighter, laugh, suitcase, sunshine, happiness, branch, label, oil, advice.
Exercise 30 Offer your guests something to drink or to eat.
Model: Would you like a glass of juice? Would you like some juice?
For ideas: cheese, chocolate, coffee, beer, biscuits, candy, bread, meat, salad, wine, tea, pizza.
Exercise 31 Fill in a (an) or some.
1. I need ... money. I want to buy ... food. 2. We met ... interesting people at the party. 3. I’m going to open ... window to get ... fresh air. 4. She didn’t eat much for lunch. Only ... apple and ... bread. 5. I’m going to make ... table. First I need ... wood. 6. We live in ... big house. There’s ... nice garden with ... beautiful trees. 7. Listen to me carefully. I’m going to give you ... advice. 8. I want to write a letter. I need ... paper and ... pen.
Exercise 32 Choose the correct noun either in singular or in plural.
1. I’m going to buy some new shoe/shoes. 2. Martin has got brown eye/eyes. 3. Paula has got short black hair/hairs. 4. The tourist guide gave us some information/informations about the town. 5. We’re going to buy some new chair/chairs. 6. We’re going to buy some new furniture/furnitures. 7. It’s difficult to get a work/job at the moment. 8. We had lovely weather/a lovely weather when we were on holiday.
Exercise 33 Translate the sentences.
1. Я ніколи не п’ю багато води. 2. Ваша інформація дуже важлива. 3. Мені потрібно багато грошей. 4. У кiмнaтi було багато меблів. 5. Де мої ножиці? 6. Йому потрібні окуляри, але він не може їх знайти. 7. На вулиці було багато людей i машин. 8. Де ваш багаж? 9. Я чув якийсь шум хвилину тому. 10. Будь ласка, переглянь цю газету. Там є цікаві новини. 11. Ваше волосся занадто довге. 12. В неї багато роботи.
