- •Биологическая химия
- •060101 – Лечебное дело
- •Часть II
- •Contents
- •Cholesterol
- •I. Theoretical part
- •1. Lipids metabolism
- •1.1. Classification of lipids
- •2. Glycolipids (basically glycosphingolipids).
- •Galactosyl ceramide
- •1.2. Digestion and absorption of fats
- •Lipolysis of triglycerides in adipose tissue
- •1.3. Fatty acids oxidation
- •2. Transport of fa inside mitochondrion.
- •3 Ketocyl CoA tyolase Palmitic acid preformed rest Palmityl-CoA Acetyl-CoA
- •Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids
- •Violations of fatty acids oxidation
- •Acetyl-CoA metabolism
- •1.4. Lipogenesis
- •Regulation of fatty acids synthesis and break down
- •1.5. Metabolism of phospholipids
- •1.6. Essencial fatty acids. Eicosanoids
- •1.7. Cholesterol metabolism
- •Distribution and functions of cholesterol
- •Cholesterol biosynthesis
- •1. Conversion of active acetate into mevalonic acid.
- •2. Squalene formation from mevalonic acid.
- •Regulation of cholesterol synthesis
- •Cholesterol esters metabolism
- •Synthesis of bile acids
- •1.8. Regulation of lipid metabolism
- •1.9. Violations of lipid metabolism
- •Violation of fats adsorption processes:
- •Test questions
- •2. Proteins metabolism
- •2.1. Pathways of proteins degradation
- •2. Digestion of proteins.
- •The selectivity of peptidases
- •2.2. Amino acids metabolism
- •The reactions of amino groups
- •Intramolecular deamination.
- •Reactions of the carboxyl group
- •2. Aminoacyladenylate formation.
- •2.3. Ammonia neutralization in the body
- •Storage and transport of ammonia
- •Fumarate pyruvate aspartate
- •2.4. Violations of nitrogen metabolism
- •2.5. Metabolism of individual amino acids
- •2. Metabolism of sulfur amino acids.
- •3. Metabolism of branched chain amino acids.
- •Leu, Ile, Val α-keto acids acyl-CoA derivatives
- •4. Metabolism of dicarboxylic amino acids
- •5. Metabolism of diaminomonocarboxylic acids.
- •6. Metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine.
- •7. Metabolism of tryptophan.
- •2.6. Metabolism of conjugated proteins. Chromoproteins metabolism
- •The degradation of hemoglobin in the tissues (the formation of bile pigments)
- •The hemoglobin biosynthesis
- •2.7. Nucleoproteins metabolism
- •Adenine hypoxanthine; guanine xanthine
- •The synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides u, c, t
- •I nosine-5'-phosphate Xantosine-5'-phosphate
- •The synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides
- •Test questions
- •3. Template biosynthesis
- •3.1. Biosynthesis of nucleic acids
- •3.1.1. Dna biosynthesis (replication)
- •Synthesis of dna in the rna template
- •3.1.2. Rna biosynthesis
- •Rna synthesis in rna template
- •3.2. Protein biosynthesis
- •The properties of the genetic code
- •Preparatory stage of protein synthesis
- •3.2.1. Translation
- •1. Initiation.
- •2. Elongation.
- •3.2.2. Post-translational modification of proteins
- •Transport of synthesized proteins through membranes
- •3.2.3. Regulation of protein biosynthesis
- •3.3. Genetic engineering
- •Test questions
- •4. Hormones, nomenclature, classification
- •Test questions
- •5. Metabolic processes interaction
- •In the organism
- •Protein and carbohydrate metabolisms interconnection
- •Protein and lipid metabolisms interconnection
- •Carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms interconnection
- •Levels of homeostasis regulation
- •Changes in metabolism during starvation
- •Test questions
- •6. Mineral and water and salt metabolism
- •6.1. Water in the human body
- •6.2. Salt metabolism
- •7. Renal biochemistry. The role of the kidneys in the regulation of water and salt metabolism
- •7.1. Excretory function of the kidneys
- •7.2. Homeostatic function of the kidneys
- •7.3. Metabolic functions of the kidneys
- •7.4. Regulation of water and salt metabolism and uropoiesis
- •Test Questions
- •8. Biochemistry of nervous tissue
- •8.1. Features of metabolism of nervous tissue
- •8.2. Mechanism of nerve impulses conduction
- •Cholinergic synapses
- •Test Questions
- •9. Biochemistry of muscle tissue
- •9.1. Chemical composition of muscle tissue
- •Sources of energy for muscle work
- •9.2. Mechanism of muscle contraction and its regulation
- •9.3. Biochemical changes in muscles within pathology
- •Test Questions
- •10. Biochemistry of extracellular matrix
- •10.1. Structure of extracellular matrix
- •Collagens.
- •Fibril-forming collagens
- •Collagen, forming a tela
- •10.2. Features of metabolism of extracellular matrix Catabolism of extracellular matrix proteins
- •Reparation of damage of the extracellular matrix in norm
- •Biochemical changes of connective tissue with aging
- •The lesions of connective tissue
- •11. Blood biochemistry
- •11.1. Respiratory function of blood. Buffer systems of blood
- •11.2. Blood coagulation system. Changes in pathology
- •Extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of blood clotting
- •Test Questions
- •12. Liver biochemistry
- •12.1. Main functions of the liver
- •The role of the liver in the metabolism of carbohydrates
- •The role of liver in lipid metabolism
- •The role of the liver in the metabolism of proteins and amino acids
- •12.2. Choleresis. Pigment metabolism. Types of jaundice
- •The cleavage of hemoglobin: hemoglobinverdoglobinbiliverdinbilirubin.
- •12.3. Detoxifying liver function
- •Test Questions
- •13. Regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism
- •14. Bone biochemistry
- •Test Questions
- •II. Laboratory workshop Laboratory work 1. Lipid metabolism
- •Hydrolysis of milk fat by lipase
- •Test Questions
- •Laboratory work 2. Phospholipids. Cholesterol
- •4.1. Schiff reaction.
- •4.2. Salkowski reaction.
- •4.3. Lieberman-Burchard reaction.
- •Preparation of solutions of cholesterol for the calibration curve
- •Test Questions
- •Laboratory work 3. Digestion of proteins. Determination of acids of gastric contents
- •Experiment 2. Qualitative determination of free hydrochloric acid in gastric juice using indicator congo red.
- •Results of the determination of gastric acidity
- •Test Questions
- •Laboratory work 4. The end products of nitrogen metabolism
- •Test Questions
- •Laboratory work 5. Hormones
- •2.1. Biuretic reaction.
- •2.2. Millon’s reaction.
- •2.4. Geller’s test.
- •3. Qualitative reaction to thyroxine.
- •4. Qualitative reactions to the 11-dehydro-17-oxykortikosteron (cortisone).
- •4.1. The reaction with phenylhydrazine sulfate.
- •4.2. The reaction with Fehling's reagent.
- •Test Questions
- •Laboratory work 6. Mineral and water and salt metabolism
- •1.1. Determination the pH of saliva.
- •1.2. Detection of phosphates in saliva.
- •2.1. Qualitative detection of chlorides in the urine.
- •2.2. Detection of calcium in the urine.
- •2.3. Detection of phosphates in the urine.
- •The composition of mixtures for the calibration curve
- •Test Questions
- •Laboratory work 7. Urine biochemistry
- •3.1. Qualitative detection and quantitative determination of protein in the urine.
- •3.1.1. The test by boiling in weak acid environment.
- •3.1.2. The test by boiling in an acid medium in the presence of saturated sodium chloride solution.
- •3.1.3. Geller’s test.
- •3.1.4. The test with sulfosalicylic acid.
- •3.1.5. Quantitative determination of protein in the urine by the method of dilution (Brandberg - Roberts - Stolnikov method).
- •Determination of protein in the urine using dilution method
- •3.2. Semi-quantitative method for determining glucose and ketone bodies in urine using test strips.
- •3.3. Detection of blood pigments in the urine by boiling with alkali (Geller’s test).
- •Test Questions
- •Laboratory 8. Blood biochemistry
- •1. Buffer properties of blood serum.
- •2. Quantitative determination of total protein in serum according to biuretic reaction.
- •The composition of mixtures for the ployying of the calibration curve
- •3. Determination of calcium in serum by the method of de Waard.
- •Test Questions
- •Laboratory work 9. Detection of bile pigments in urine
- •Test Questions
- •Laboratory work 10. Biochemistry of bone and connective tissue
- •1. Preparation of extracts of bone and teeth tissues.
- •Test Questions
- •Bibliography
- •Biochemistry
- •In Two Parts Part II
- •392008, Г. Тамбов, ул. Советская, 190г
Test Questions
1. Dietary lipids are poorly soluble in water. How do lipolytic enzymes cope with them?
2. Clinical symptoms of steatorrhea are characterized by an excess of lipids in the feces, mostly due to two reasons: a) lack of bile acids secretion; b) lack of the pancreatic gland secretion. Why do these reasons lead to the appearance of lipids in the feces?
3. Explain why patients with decreased secretion of pancreatic bicarbonates suffer from steatorrhea even when the secretion of lipase and colipase is normal.
Laboratory work 2. Phospholipids. Cholesterol
Experiment 1. Extraction of phosphatides from brain tissue.
Put 5 g of brain tissue dried out with gypsum into a flask and add 10 ml of alcohol. Attach a reflux condenser and place for 15-20 minutes in preheated to 700C water bath. Shake from time to time. If a significant amount of the alcohol is evaporated, add some more. At the end of the extraction cool the flask and filter the extract.
Experiment 2. Qualitative reaction of lecithin with cadmium chloride.
Add 1 ml of saturated alcoholic solution of cadmium chloride to 2 ml of alcoholic solution of lecithin (experiment 1). A white flocculent precipitate of the complex compound of lecithin with cadmium chloride is observed. Cholesterol and vegetable oil solutions do not give this reaction.
Experiment 3. Extraction of cholesterol from the brain tissue.
Put 3 g of brain tissue dried out with gypsum into a clean dry test tube and add 6 ml of chloroform alcohol. Shake for 10 minutes. Filter the extract into a dry tube.
Experience 4. Qualitative reactions of cholesterol.
4.1. Schiff reaction.
In the test tube 1 ml of chloroform cholesterol solution is poured and 1 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid is carefully layered on the wall. On the boundary of liquids red ring appears.
4.2. Salkowski reaction.
After the Schiff reaction liquid is shaken. After emulsion separation the upper layer is colored in red, the lower one has a yellow-orange color with a green fluorescence.
4.3. Lieberman-Burchard reaction.
Add 0.5 ml of acetic anhydride and 2 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid into a test tube with1 ml of chloroform cholesterol solution. Mix well. A red colouring changing into purple and then blue and green is to be observed. The green colouring can be instantly observed due to the little amount of cholesterol.
Color reactions of cholesterol are determined by dehydration and oxidation of cholesterol under the influence of concentrated sulphuric acid and subsequent condensation of products with the formation of compounds with conjugated double bonds, which give different colored sulphuric acid derivatives.
Experience 5. Quantitative determination of total cholesterol in blood serum by the direct method by Zlatkis – Zak reaction.
The method is based on the reaction of cholesterol with acetic and sulphuric acids in the presence of ferric chloride.
Add 3 ml of concentrated acetic acid and 2 ml of ferric chloride process solution to 0,1 ml of blood serum and mix. Prepare the control by adding 3 ml of concentrated acetic acid and 2 ml of ferric chloride process solution to 0,1 ml of distilled water. Leave for 15 minutes.
Use the photoelectric colorimeter to mesure the optical dencity against the control at the wavelength of 510-560 nm (green filter) in a cuvette with a layer thickness of 1 cm.
Prepare dilutions from the standard cholesterol solution according to Table 4.
Table 4