Практическое занятие №8 Оборудование. Инфинитив

Цель – совершенствование лексико-грамматических навыков.

Краткие теоретические сведения

Инфинитив в английском языке - форма глагола, которая выражает действие, не указывая на лицо, число и наклонение, и выполняет функции глагола или существительного. Инфинитив отвечает на вопросы: «Что делать?», «Что сделать?». Отрицание образуется путем добавления частицы not перед инфинитивом. Инфинитив может употребляться с частицей to или без неё.

Частица to не ставится перед инфинитивом, если он употреблен после вспомогательных и модальных глаголов (can, could, must, may, might, will, shall, would, should), глаголов чувственного восприятия в составе конструкции «сложное дополнение» (to feel чувствовать, to hear слышать, to notice замечать, to see видеть и др.) и глаголов to make в значении – заставлять, вынуждать и to let – разрешать, позволять.

Инфинитив употребляются в трёх синтаксических структурах: 1 Объектный инфинитивный оборот (альтернативное название: «Сложное дополнение»)

В этой структуре инфинитив употребляется в большинстве случаев.

Образование:

Существительное/Личное местоимение в объектном падеже (me, you (ед. ч.), him, her, it, us, you (мн. ч.), them) + Инфинитив

В предложении: Подлежащее + Сказуемое + Объектный инфинитивный оборот + Второстепенные члены She wants him to call her. Она хочет, чтобы он позвонил ей.

2 Субъектный инфинитивный оборот (альтернативное название: «Сложное подлежащее»)

Образование: Существительное/Личное местоимение в общем падеже + Личный глагол в роли сказуемого (чаще в страдательном залоге) + Инфинитив

В предложении: Подлежащее + Субъектный инфинитивный оборот + Второстепенные члены Hannah seems to know him. Кажется, Ханна знает его.

3 Инфинитивный оборот с предлогом for

Образование: For + Существительное / Местоимение + Инфинитив She waited for the bus to come. Она ждала, когда придёт автобус.

Таблица 8.1 – Формы инфинитива

Форма инфинитива	Залог Действительный	Залог Действительный
Simple	to + V1	to + V1
	to paint	to paint
Continuous	to be + Ving	to be + Ving
	to be painting	to be painting
Perfect	to have + V3	to have + V3
	to have painted	to have painted
Perfect Continuous	to have been + Ving	to have been + Ving
	to have been painting	to have been painting

Порядок выполнения

Задание 1 Прочтите и переведите текст.

Modern Russian passenger cars

The Russian railways are known to be the most important form of transportation in this country and they will maintain their dominant position for a very long time in future. Different types of passenger and freight trains can be seen on Russian railways. We are to distinguish long-distance and suburban trains as well as express, fast and local trains.

As a rule, any long-distance train is to consist of several comfortable sleeping cars and some coaches for those who travel only by day. Luggage and mail cars are usually placed at the train head. The luggage cars have large sliding doors through which trunks and other articles of baggage may be loaded and unloaded. Besides that, every train is supposed to have a restaurant or dining car. All cars are fitted with a hot water heating system and are lighted with electricity. Sleeping cars are always of a corridor-compartment type, each compartment having four berths.

Unlike sleeping cars, all coaches are cars with double row of seats and gangway between the rows. Toilets and compartments for the attendants are provided at each end of the coach. The passenger saloons are finished internally partly with veneer and partly with plastics and synthetic materials which have become quite common in recent years and are widely used nowadays for passenger car construction.

There are many routes in Russia on which diesel multiple-unit trains run. Suburban diesel trains set of modern design operate on Russian Railways. These sets consist of two power or motor cars and two intermediate trailers, the number of seats in motor cars being 77, in trailers 128. Fittings include luggage racks and coal hangers. Special air heating and ventilation system maintains the proper temperature inside the car. In summer when the heating is off, the same equipment provides ventilation.

Задание 2 Переведите слова и словосочетания на русский язык.

Transportation, freight trains, long-distance trains, sleeping car, coach, berth, trunk, baggage, compartment.

Задание 3 Подтвердите (true) или опровергните (false) утверждения, исправив неправильный вариант.

Вариант 1

1 Different types of passenger and freight trains can be seen on Russian railways.

2 As a rule, any long-distance train is to consist of several comfortable sleeping cars and many luggage and mail ones.

3 Luggage and mail cars are usually placed at the train end.

Вариант 2

1 All cars are fitted with a hot water heating system and are lighted with electricity.

2 Sleeping cars are always of a corridor-compartment type, each compartment having five berths.

3 There are few routes in Russia on which diesel multiple-unit trains run.

Задание 4 Ответьте на вопросы.

1 What is any long-distance train to consist of?

2 Where are luggage and mail cars usually placed?

3 What is every car supposed to have?

4 What is at the end of a coach?

5 What kind of system is in any passenger car?

Задание 5 Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитивы и субъектный инфинитивный оборот:

Вариант 1

1 To prevent goods from spoiling it is necessary to carry them in refrigerators.

2 Tank cars have special linings to prevent them from being damaged.

3 To carry vegetables from the South to the North railroads use refrigerators.

4 The new Japanese train is reported to be operating successfully at speeds of more than 300 km/h.

5 The new Moscow – St. Petersburg train is reported to have begun regular runs.

6 The first section of the Seville metro was expected to be put into operation in 1982.

Вариант 2

1 The tank cars to be filled with milk will be put in the middle of the train.

2 Tank cars are known to be the best cars for transporting oils.

3 To carry vegetables from the South to the North became possible with the advent of refrigerators.

4 Russian railways are known to run a transcontinental passenger service across two continents – Europe and Asia.

5 Passengers are expected to enjoy the coach temperature both in hot and cold weather.

6 The passenger is supposed to sleep comfortably in a coach.

Содержание отчета

1 Тема и цель занятия.

2 Выполненное задание 5.

3 Вывод о проделанной работе.

Контрольные вопросы и задания

1 Что такое инфинитив?

2 В каких случаях инфинитив пишется без частицы to?

3 Назовите инфинитивные конструкции. Как они образуются?

4 Найдите в тексте предложения с инфинитивами. Назовите инфинитив, определите его форму.

5 Найдите в тексте предложения с инфинитивными конструкциями. Назовите инфинитивную конструкцию, определите ее тип.