Практическое занятие №6 Оборудование. Модальные глаголы, их эквиваленты

Цель – совершенствование лексико-грамматических навыков.

Краткие теоретические сведения

Таблица 6.1 – Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты

Модальный глагол и его эквивалент	Выражает	Перевод	Present	Past	Future
can, to be able to	физическую или умственную способность	могу, умею, способен	сan, am/ is/ are able to	сould, was/were able to	will be able to
may, to be allowed (to)	разрешение, просьба	разрешите, можно	мay, is/ am/ are allowed to	might, was/ were allowed to	will be allowed to
must	должен, необходимость выполнить что-либо	должен, обязан	must	-	-
have to	необходимость выполнения действия из-за обстоятельств	вынужден, приходится	has/ have to	had to	will have to
to be to	необходимость выполнения из-за заранее запланированного, по договоренности	должен, обязан	am/ is/ are to	was/ were to	-
should	рекомендации по совершению действия, совет	должен, следует, рекомендуется	should	-	-
would	оттенок намерения, просьбы, повторности действия в прошлом	охотно, пожалуйста, будьте  добры, бывало

Порядок выполнения

Задание 1 Прочтите и переведите текст.

First improvements in passenger cars

During the greater part of the 19^th century all passenger cars had three serious disadvantages. First of all, they were not very strong since they were built of wood and their trucks had many wooden parts. When there was a train wreck the cars often broke apart and most of the passengers riding in them were crushed to death. Besides that, these early cars were all heated by wood or coal-burning stoves. If a train wreck took place in winter when the stoves were lighted, the latter usually set fire to the wooden cars. But worst of all, these cars had open platforms at each end. It is the combination of open platforms, wooden bodies and stoves plus the absence of modern signalling that made the cars dangerous for travelling. And it was the elimination of the open platform that was the first great improvement in railroad car design in 1880s. Since that time all passenger cars have the enclosed vestibule and the steel and canvas diaphragm connecting the ends of adjacent coaches. Both the diaphragm and the enclosed vestibule make it possible to pass with safety from car to car.

Another improvement in car design was the use of hat water heating which practically eliminated the danger of fire. Besides greatly increasing passenger safety new heating system made cars much more comfortable. When stoves were used the passenger near the stoves were too hot while those far from the stoves were always freezing. Today air-conditioning is widely used. This system not only filters the air but cools it in summer and warms it in winter.

Задание 2 Переведите словосочетания на русский язык.

Вариант 1

All passenger cars, were built of wood, their trucks had many wooden parts, a train wreck, most of the passengers, were crushed to death, these early cars, wooden cars, open platforms.

Вариант 2

The first great improvement, railroad car design, the enclosed vestibule, the steel and canvas diaphragm, adjacent coaches, hat water heating, safety new heating system.

Задание 3 Найдите в тексте все интернациональные слова и переведите их.

Задание 4 Запишите предложения, используя модальный глагол в соответствующей форме.

Вариант 1

1 Tom is ill. He (должен) stay in bed.

2 (Можно) I open the window?

3 You (следует) do what the doctor says.

4 He (пришлось) to learn the new words.

5 Mark is a good student. He (может) speak English well.

6 There is no ink in my pen. (Можно) I write with a pencil?

7 Little children (должны) go to bed early.

8 You (следует) take the taxi.

Вариант 2

1 You (не должен) smoke in our office.

2 He (следует) read this text very well.

3 His friend (может) go to Tomsk by train.

4 The students (должны) to meet at the station.

5 You (можешь) keep the book as long as you need it.

6 Mary is free tonight. She (может) go to the dance.

7 Drivers (должны) stop when they see the red light.

8 I (пришлось) to work hard to pass my examination.

Задание 5 Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на слово it.

1 This, car was built at the Riga Works, it is used on international lines. The first car looked like a horse-drawn coach and it was very small in size. The history of cars is very interesting, it should be studied properly.

2 It is necessary to design one more car. It is important to know some more facts. It was impossible to increase the capacity of the car.

3 It takes about 4 hours now to reach Moscow from St. Petersburg. It requires skilled drivers to operate modem trains.

4 It was in the USA that the first sleeping car was invented. It was at the Riga Works that electric train cars were built.

Задание 6 Выполните тестирование в режиме on-line. Режим доступа: http://iloveenglish.ru/tests/modal

Содержание отчета

1 Тема и цель занятия.

2 Выполненное задание 4.

3 Результат тестирования задания 6.

4 Вывод о проделанной работе.

Контрольные задания

1 Назовите эквиваленты модальных глаголов can, may, must.

2 Переведите предложения на английский язык.

Я могу (умею) плавать. Я умел плавать, когда был маленьким ребенком. Тебе следует сходить в больницу. Ты можешь взять эту книгу. Можно мне войти?