Development of law

Law develops as society evolves. Historically, the simplest societies were tribal. The members of the tribe were bonded together initially by kinship and worship of the same gods. Even in the absence of courts and legislature there was law — a blend of custom, morality, religion, and magic. The visible authority was the ruler, or chief; the highest authorities were the gods whose will was revealed in the forces of nature and in the revelations of the tribal head or the priests. Wrongs against the tribe, such as sacrilege or breach of tribal custom, were met with sanctions, and, the tribe members thought, with the wrath of the gods. People appeased the gods in ritualistic ceremonies ending perhaps in sacrifice or expulsion of the wrongdoer. Wrongs against individuals, such as murder, theft, adultery, or failure to repay a debt, were avenged by the family of the victim, often in actions against the family of the wrongdoer. Revenge of this kind was based on tribal custom, a major component of early law. Tribal society gradually evolved into territorial confederations. Governmental structures emerged, and modern law began to take shape. The most significant historical example is Roman law, which influenced most of the legal systems of the world.

The common law systems of England, and later of the U.S., developed in a different manner. Before the Norman Conquest (1066), England was a loose confederation of societies, the laws of which were largely tribal and local. The Anglo-Norman rulers created a system of centralized courts that operated under a single set of laws. This legal system, known as the common law of England, began with common customs, but over time it involved the courts in lawmaking (in response to changes in society).

1. Підберіть відповідні еквіваленти перекладу:

1) tribe	A) плем’я
2) worship	B) евтаназія
3) priest	C) поклоніння
4) sacrilege	D) визначний
5 sacrifice	E) святотатство
6) counsel	F) захисник
7) euthanasia	G) священик
8) significant	H) жертва
9) victim	I) правова система
10) legal system	J) принесення в жертву

2. Знайдіть пояснення терміну:

1) tribe	A) religious rites or ceremonies, constituting a formal expression of reverence for a deity
2) kinship	B) a body of people presided over by a judge, judges, or magistrate, and acting as a tribunal in civil and criminal cases
3) worship	C) blood relationship
4) authority	D) the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience
5) wrongs	E) the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
6) wrongdoer	F) a social division in a traditional society consisting of families or communities linked by social, economic, religious, or blood ties, with a common culture and dialect, typically having a recognized leader
7) society	G) a person who behaves illegally or dishonestly; an offender
8) court	H) unjust, dishonest, or immoral actions
9) customs	I) legislative
10) lawmaking	J) a traditional and widely accepted way of behaving or doing something that is specific to a particular society, place, or time