14. Say whether the following statements are true using: I'd like to tell…, the thing is…, it is necessary to note…, first of all... .

1. The scientific approach to medicine began in Dark Ages though there was lack of ability to understand and control the environ­ment.

2. Dissection of cadavers helped the physicians to compile the first accurate textbook on human anatomy.

3. Since the first pharmacy was opened medications have become an accepted means of treating diseases.

4. Open heart surgery has been developed but organ transplantation is not always successful.

16. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Арістотель і його послідовники розвинули систему природної філософії.

2. Більш ніж 700 рослин стали джерелом для створення ліків.

3. Древні медики використовували сірку і оцет, щоб уникнути інфікування при розтині трупів.

Самостійна робота

History of Medicine: Part 2

The Middle Ages date from about 500 AD. to about 1500 AD. The period from 500 AD. to about 1000 AD. is often referred to as Dark Ages, as there was lack of progress in the ability of people to understand and control their environment. During Middle Ages many hospitals were built in Europe. In the middle of the 14^th century the bubonic plague killed one-fourth of the European population and the scientists became more determined to search for practical, effective methods of dealing with medical problems. This marked the beginning of the scientific approach to medicine.

During the Renaissance, laws forbidding the dissection of cadavers were relaxed and as a result, the first accurate textbook on human anatomy was published. In 1515 the first public dissection of a human cadaver was performed.

Dissection enabled physicians to identify the heart and its circula­tory system, the major nerves, the stomach and other digestive or­gans.

In 1545, the first pharmacy was opened in London. Prescription of medicines had been administered prior to this time, but the estab­lishment of this shop indicated means of treating a disease. Today, many thousands of drugs are used to treat illnesses.

The microscope was invented in 1590. Laboratory technicians use it regularly to analyze specimens of blood, urine and tissue. Their re­ports help physicians to make the diagnosis of a disease.

In the early 1600s, English physician William Harvey discovered how blood circulates in the body and published the first medical book describing this circulation and the role of the heart. In 1667, the first blood transfusion was performed. In 1699 a law to control communi­cable diseases was enacted in the American colony of Massachusetts.

In the 19^th century, modern surgery was made possible by two revolutionary discoveries: the invention of safe methods of anesthesia and the control of wound infection by the use of antiseptics and sterile equipment. Besides, a set of diagnostic procedures, requiring a com­plete case history and a thorough physical examination, became com­mon medical practice. In 1895, Roentgen discovered the X-ray to detect abnormalities inside the body.

The 20^th century has brought medical advances in nearly every area of medicine. Open-heart surgery has been developed. Organ trans­plants are often successful. Vaccines (infectious agents given to pa­tients to establish resistance to particular diseases) have almost elimi­nated the threat of poliomyelitis. The electrocardiogram (EKG), elec­troencephalogram (EEG) and computed tomography help physicians to detect heart and brain malfunctions. Due to early diagnosis and more effective treatment more and more cancer victims are surviving. X-ray examination helps to make more accurate diagnosis and more effective treatment. Lasers become very helpful in surgery. As people change their lifestyles and their environment new diseases appear. That's why health workers always search for better medical care.