2. Fill in the table:

Muscles	Situation	Functions	Contraction
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle

3. Select the appropriate word from the list provided.

Arthritis is not just a word doctors use when they talk about painful,__________.

In fact, there are many kinds of arthritis, each with different symptoms and__________. Most types of arthritis are_________. That means they can go on for a long period of time. Arthritis can _____________in almost any part of the body. Some forms of arthritis cause changes you can see and feel swelling, _________, and redness

in your_______. In some the pain and swelling last only a short time, but are very bad. Other types cause less ____________ symptoms, but still slowly damage your joints. Older people most often have ____________, rheumatoid arthritis, or gout.

• joints

• treatments

• troublesome

• chronic

• osteoarthritis

• stiff joints

• warmth

• attack joints

4. Say whether the following sentences are true or false.

1. Bones work alone, they don't need help from the muscles and joints.

2. The human body has more than 650 muscles.

3. Skeletal muscles hold the skeleton together, give the body shape, and help it with

everyday movements.

4. Smooth muscles are made of fibers and looks striated.

5. The walls of the heart's chambers are composed almost entirely of muscle fibers.

6. The involuntary muscles are controlled by structures deep within the brain

and by the brain stem.

7. The voluntary muscles are regulated by the hypothalamus.

5. Answer the following questions.

1. What are the functions of the muscles?

2. How many kinds of muscle do humans have?

3. Where is skeletal muscle attached to bone?

4. Why are skeletal muscles called striated?

5. What is the second name of smooth muscle?

6. Can we consciously control our smooth muscles?

7. Can you give examples of smooth muscles?

8. Where can we find cardiac muscle?

9. Cardiac muscle is an involuntary type of muscles, isn't it?

10. By what system the movements of our muscles are coordinated and controlled?

Самостійна робота

Independent work the human skeleton

From our head to our toes, our bones provide support for our bodies and help to form our shape. The skull protects the brain and forms the shape of our face.

The spinal cord, a pathway for messages between the brain and the body, is protected by the backbone, or spinal column.

The average human adult skeleton consists of 206 bones, attached to the muscles by

tendons. Babies are bom with 270 soft bones — about 64 more than an adult. These will fuse together by the age of twenty or twenty-five into the 206 hard, permanent bones. Bone building continues throughout life, as a body constantly renews and reshapes the bones' living tissue.

The skeleton has two main parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

The axial skeleton consists of the skull, the spine, the ribs and the sternum (breastbone) and includes 80 bones. The appendicular skeleton, consists of 126 bones, includes two limb girdles (the shoulders and pelvis) and their attached limb bones.

Axial skeleton (80 bones)

- skull — consisting of 1) the

cranium (which encloses and protects the brain) and 2) the facial skeleton;

- jaw — the only freely movable bone of the skull;

- ribs, sternum (breastbone) —

comprising the "thorax'Vchest, protecting

the heart and lungs;

- vertebral column — the "spine".

The vertebral column transmits the body weight from the head, thorax, and abdomen to the lower extremities and encloses and protects the spinal cord. The vertebral column has three groups of vertebrae and two sets of fused bones. These vertebrae include seven cervical (neck) vertebrae, twelve thoracic (upper back) vertebrae, and five lumbar (lower back) vertebrae.

Five fused vertebrae form the sacrum and from three to five fused small vertebrae form the coccyx (tail bone). The vertebrae form a column of bone that protects the spinal cord. The thoracic vertebrae have facets (indentations) upon their surfaces that articulate (meet) with the ribs. The ribs form a cage that shelters the heart, lungs, liver, spleen, and pelvis helps to protect the bladder, intestines, and in women, the reproductive organs. Although they're very light, bones are strong enough to support our entire weight.

Appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral girdle, the upper limbs, pelvic girdle,

the lower limbs (126 bones, 64 in the shoulders and upper limbs and 62 in the pelvis and lower limbs):

* the pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle and scapula;

* upper extremity (the humerus, ulna, radius, the hand);

- pelvic girdle consists of two hip bones; each hip bone forms from fused bones. The

two coxae, sacrum, and coccyx form the pelvis, a bowl-shaped cavity that supports and protects many abdominal organs;

- lower extremity (the femur, the tibia, the fibula, the foot).

Bones are fastened to other bones by long, fibrous straps called ligaments. The joints

allow the bones to move. Cartilage, a flexible, rubbery substance in our joints, supports bones and protects them where they rub against each other.

Bones are made up of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and other minerals, as well as the protein collagen. Calcium is needed to make bones hard, which allows them to support body weight. Bones also store calcium and release some into the bloodstream when it's needed by other parts of the body. The amounts of certain vitamins and minerals that you eat, especially vitamin D and calcium, directly affects how much calcium is stored in the bones. The soft bone marrow inside many of the bones is where most of the blood cells are made.

Answer the following questions.

1. What is the function of bones?

2. How many bones does the average human adult skeleton consist of?

3. Why does bone building continue throughout life?

4. What main parts has the skeleton?

5. What bones does the axial skeleton consist of?

6. What bones does the appendicular skeleton include?

7. What is the function of the vertebral column?

8. How many vertebrae has the vertebral column? Name them.

9. What bones do form a cage that shelters the heart, lungs, liver and spleen?

10. What organs does the pelvis help to protect?

11. How long does the process of ossification continue?

12. What minerals are bones made up of?

13. Why do our bones need calcium?