3. Match the words with their definitions.

1. drug	a. a protein enhancing chemicals
2. glands	b. a substance having an opposite effect
3. root	c. a drug against microorganisms
4. antidote	d. the endocrine organs
5. antibiotic	e. a plant organ
6. DNA	f. medicine
7. enzyme	g. a substance containing all the genetic information

Read the dialogue. Answer the questions below by selecting the answer that correctly completes each sentence.

Pharmacist: Good morning. How can i hefp you today?

Patient: My doctor called in a prescription for Sofran. I think that's what it's called. Pharmacist: What are you having treated? Patient: For my nausea. I have leukemia.

Pharmacist: OK. You mean Zofran with a "z". ft's spefled Z-O-F-R-A-N. That's OK. So many medications sound

identical. Anyway, would you like to sit down while you wait?

Patient: No, I'm OK.

Pharmacist: OK. What's your name?

Patient: My last name is Morales. My first name is Martin.

Pharmacist: Could you speil your last name for me?

Patient: M-O-R-A-L-E-S.

Pharmacist: Is your date of birth July 27,1966?

Patient: Yeah.

Pharmacist: OK. Here we are. You still live at the same address?

Patient: Yeah. And I still have the same phone number.

Pharmacist: Is your doctor Dr. Thomas Miller?

Patient: Yeah.

Pharmacist; Have you used Zofran before?

Patient: No. But after a few rounds of chemotherapy I started to have more nausea and more vomiting. Pharmacist: That's not uncommon. Hopefully, the Zofran will help alleviate both.

Patient: I hope so. Am I going to feet any other side effects?

Pharmacist: Well, you might experience some lightheadedness, headaches, drowsiness, and even con­stipation. Some people experience muscle stiffness and vision problems.

Patient: How about any allergic reactions? I'm allergic to iodine.

Pharmacist: Welt, as indicated in the packaging, some rare allergic reactions include severe rash, difficulty breathing, and swelling. Of course, please seek medical attention immediately if any of these occur.

Patient: Wow, alt of that just to make my nausea and vomiting go away.

Pharmacist: You said you're receiving chemotherapy?

Patient: Yeah.

Pharmacist: OK. Your doctor has prescribed that you need to take one tablet about 30 minutes before your treatment, and your doctor has probably told you not to eat before your treatment. Let your doctor know if the medication is not working for you.

Patient: OK, I will. I have another round of chemotherapy tomorrow morning.

Pharmacist: Good tuck and 1 hope you get welt soon.

Patient: Thanks a lot. Here's my insurance card.

Answer the questions below by selecting the answer that correctly completes each sentence.

1. _ The patient is picking up a prescription for:

   1. Zofram

   2. Sofran

   3. Zofran

2. _ The patient tells the pharmacist he has:

   1. leukemia

   2. lupus

   3. anemia

3. „The patient's name is:

   1. Michael Moralis

   2. Martin Morales

   3. Martin Moralis

4. _The patient's birth date is:

   1. July 27, 1966

   2. July 7,1927

   3. July 27,1967

5. _The doctor prescribing the medication is:

   1. Dr. Tom Milner

   2. Dr. Thomas, Milner

   3. Dr. Thomas Miller

Самостійна робота

Drugs

Drugs are chemical substances used in medicine in the treatment of diseases. These chemical substances can come from many different sources. Drugs are obtained from various parts of plants, such as the roots, leaves, and fruit. Examples of such drugs are digitalis (from the foxglove plant), and antibiotics such as penicillin and streptomycin (from plants called molds). Drugs can also be obtained from animals; for example, hormones are secretions from the glands of animals. Drugs can be made from chemical substances which are synthesized in the laboratory. Anticancer drugs, such as methotrexate and predni¬sone, are examples of laboratory-synthesized drugs. Some drugs are contained in food substances; these drugs are called vitamins. Drugs are dispensed and stored in an area known as a pharmacy.

The field of medicine which studies drugs, their nature, origin, and effect in the body is called pharmacology. Pharmacology is a large medical specialty and contains many subdivisions of study, including pharmacodynamics, molecular pharmacology, clinical pharmacology, pharmacogenetics, chemotherapy, toxicology and others.

Pharmacodynamics involves the study of how drugs exert their ef¬fects in the body. Scientists interested in pharmacodymanics study the processes of drug absorption (how drugs pass into the bloodstream), metabolism (changes drugs undergo within the body) and excretion (removal of the drug from the body).

Molecular pharmacology concerns the study of the interaction of drugs and cells or subcellular entities, such as DNA, RNA, or en¬zymes. These studies provide important information about the mecha¬nism of action of the drug.

Clinical pharmacology is a medical field of medication effect on humans.

Pharmacogenetics deals with clinical testing of genetic variation that gives rise to different responses to drugs.

Chemotherapy is the subdivision of pharmacology, which studies drugs that are capable of destroying microorganisms, parasites, and cells within the body without destroying the body itself. Chemotherapy includes treatment of infectious diseases, mental illnesses, and cancer.

Toxicology is the study of harmful chemicals and their dangerous effects on the body. Toxicology includes the study of the potentially harmful effects of any drug on the body; any drug, if given in high enough doses, can have harmful actions on the body. Toxicological studies in animals are required by law before new drugs can be tested in individuals. A toxicologist is also interested in finding proper anti¬dotes to these harmful effects. Antidotes are substances given to neu¬tralize unwanted effects of drugs.

Drug toxicity refers to the poisonous and potentially dangerous effects of some drugs. Idiosyncrasy is an example of an unpredictable type of drug toxicity. Other types of drug toxicity are more predictable and based on the dosage of the drug given. If the dosage of certain drugs is increased, unfavorable effects may be produced. Physicians are trained to be aware of the potential toxic effects of all drugs they prescribe and must be cautious with their use.

Side effects are toxic effects which routinely result from the use of a drug. They often occur with the usual therapeutic dosage of a drug and are usually tolerable. For example, nausea, vomiting, and alopecia are common side effects of the chemotherapeutic drugs used to treat cancer.

Contraindications are the factors in the patient's condition which make the use of a drug dangerous. Among the most dangerous toxic complications of drug usage are blood dyscrasias (blood diseases) such as aplastic anemia and leukopenia, cataract formation (eye disorder), cholestatic jaundice (biliary obstruction leading to yellow discoloration of skin), neuropathy, collagen disorders (connective tissue damage such as arthritis), and photosensitivity (abnormal sensitivity to light).

Answer the questions.

1. What are drugs?

2. How can drugs be obtained?

3. What are drugs synthesized from?

4. What does pharmacology study?

5. What are the branches of pharmacology?

6. What is molecular pharmacology concerned with?

7. When is chemotherapy indicated?

8. Why is it necessary to hold investigations on antidotes?

9. Which drugs are safer: natural or chemically synthesized?

10. What does medical pharmacology study?

The main types of drugs, their classification by

form, by way of action by major characteristics.

Основні типи ліків, їх класифікація за формою, за с

пособом дії, за основними характеристиками.

1. Active Vocabulary

1.Translate into English

плісень, пліснява; пліснявіти-………………………………….

офіціальна (фармакопійна назва)-……………………………….

торговельна назва-…………………………………………

суперник, конкурент-………………………………….

друкувати, писати великими буквами-………………………………

погоджувати, узгоджувати-……………………………………

примушувати, змушувати-………………………………….

нудота, огида-……………………………………

блювота-………………………………………

передозування-…………………………………..

полегшити, зменшити біль-……………………………………..

співвідношення, пропорція-……………………………….

Прискорювати-……………………………………

Тривалість-………………………………….

шкодити, вадити-………………………………

вилучення, виводження-………………………………………….

2.To continue to offer.

Substances, various, prevention, membrane, hormones, animals

1.)Drugs are chemical substances used in medicine in the cure, treatment, or …………………….. of disease in man and ………………………

2) Drugs are obtained from ……………….parts of plants, such as the roots, leaves and fruit.

3) Drugs can also be obtained from animals; for example, …………………………. and secretions from glands of animals.

4) Drugs can be made from chemical …………………….which are synthesized in the

laboratory.

6. Application for skin and mucous …………………………………… includes ointments, lotions and liniments.

3.Translate into Ukrainian.

Penicillin-………………………………………

Streptomycin-……………………

…………………

Methotrexate-…………………………………….

Chemical-………………………………………….

Substance-………………………………………..

Digitalis-………………………………………

Antibiotics-…………………………………………

Secretion-………………………………………

Synthesize-…………………………………….

Cancer-………………………………………………..

Prescription-……………………………………….

Physician-…………………………………………………

Substitute-……………………………………………..

Capitalize-…………………………………………..

Letter-……………………………………………….

III Writing

1. Write an essay on the topic: The main types of drugs, their classification by form, by way of action by major characteristics.

2. Insert the missing words.

Antibiotics, synthesized , protoplasm, prescription, recognized, manufacture, streptomycin.

Drugs are chemical substances used in medicine in the cure, treatment, or prevention of disease in man and animals. In addition drugs alleviate suffering and pain. They affect living protoplasm and do not act as a food. These chemical substances can come from many different sources. Drugs are obtained from various parts of plants, such as the roots, leaves and fruit. Examples of such tlrugs are digitalis (from the foxglove plant), and …………………………….. such as penicillin and ……………………………… (from plants called molds).

Drugs can also be obtained from animals; for example, hormones and secretions from glands of animals. Drugs can be made from chemical substances which are ………………………………..in the laboratory. Anti-cancer drugs, such as methtrexate and prednisone are examples of laboratory-synthesized drugs. Some drugs are contained in food substances; these drugs are called vitamins.

A drug can have three different names. The chemical name is the chemical formular for the drug. This name is often long and complicated. The generic or official name is a shorter, less complicated name which is ……………………….as identifying the drug for legal and scientific purpose. The generic name is public property and any drug …………………………….may use it. There is only one generic name for each drug.

The brand name or trade name is the private property of the individual drug manufacturer and no competitor may use it. Brand names often have the superscript after or be-fore the name. Most drugs have several brand names be¬cause each manufacturer producing the drug gives it a dif¬ferent name. When a specific brand name is ordered on a …………………….by a physician, it must be dispensed by the pharmacist; no other brand name may be substituted. It is common practice to capitalize the first letter of a brand name.

The following list gives the chemical, generic, and brand names of the well-known antibiotic drug ampicillin. Note that the drug can have several brand names, but only one generic, or official name.

3.Сomplete the sentence.

suppress coughing by reducing , kill bacterias by poisoning, sputum from lungs,

drugs that soothe, given when the bowels.

1)Antiseptic and disinfectants — They …………………………………………. them directly either inside or outside the body;

2)Expectorants — These are used for assisting in coughing up of mucus and ……………………………………………… and bronchi;

3)Cough mixtures — These are used to …………………………………………………………. the irritation of throat;

4)Laxative and purgative — They make the bowels move. Laxative is milder than a purgative which is …………………………………………….. have not moved for several days;

5)Analgesics — They are ………………………………………………. or relieve pain;

Read the dialoug . Answer the questions below by selecting the answer that correctly completes each sentence,

Patient: Hi, i need to get this prescription filled.} have asthma.

Pharmacist: Your doctor has given you a prescription for the albuterol oral inhaler.

Patient: What do you mean? It's not a pill 1 can take?

Pharmacist: No. Your doctor ordered the inhaler instead.

Patient: How do I use it? This is the first time I've had asthma. She told me 1 have exercise-induced asthma and wheezing.

Pharmacist: Do you play sports?

Patient: Yeah, I play field hockey, basketball, and softball.

Pharmacist: Good for you. Mow, it's important to read the leaflet in the package, but !'H show you how to use it First, shake the inhaler and spray-test it Then put the mouthpiece near your mouth and exhale. Next, place the mouthpiece in your mouth and press the inhaler as you inhale deeply. Make sure you hold your breath for at least 10 seconds so that the medication gets absorbed. Patient: How often do I do that?

Pharmacist: Well, your doctor has prescribed that you inhale two to three puffs 15 to 30 minutes before

exercise or physical activity to help you with exercise-induced wheezing. Make sure you don't take more puffs than prescribed by your doctor.

Patient: So this will help me get rid of my wheezing and the shortness of breath 1 get when 1 run? Pharmacist: It should, but if you find that it's not helping, please see your doctor. And keep you eyes out for any possible side effects such as headache and nausea. And if you begin to feel dizzy, get medical help. You can read more about the side effects in the package insert, but first 1 need to get some information. What's your name? Patient: ionna Toledo. Pharmacist: Is that J-O-H-N-A?

Patient: No, it's J-O-N-N-A and my last name is T-O-L-E-D-O. Pharmacist: Have you been here before? Patient: No,

Pharmacist: Are you at least 18? Patient: Yeah. Do you need my birth date? Pharmacist; Yes. Patient: It's September 9,1989, Pharmacist: And your address? Patient: 216 Ardmore Avenue. Pharmacist: Do you have insurance?

Patient: Yes, I'm covered by my dad's insurance, it's Health Now. 1 think ! only have a $5.00 co-pay. Here's the card.

Pharmacist: And your phone number? Patient: It's 551-2002.

Pharmacist; OK, as soon as 1 process everything, I'll have your inhaler ready for you. You can have a seat. Patient: Thanks.

Answer the questions below by selecting the answer that correctly completes each sentence,

1. What is the pati ent's complaint?

   1. astigmatism

   2. chronic bronchitis

   3. asthma

2. The doctor has prescribed:

   1. Allegra tablets

   2. an albuterol inhaler

   3. albuterol tablets

3. The patient's name is:

   1. Johnna Toledo

   2. Jonna Toledo

   3. Juana Toledo

4. _ .The patient's birth date is:

   1. September 29,1989

   2. September 9,1998

   3. September 9,1989

Самостійна робота

CLASSIFICATION AND MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF DRUGS

The drugs can be grouped according to the action they possess. The main groups are:

Antiseptic and disinfectants — They kill bacterias by poisoning them directly either inside or outside the body;

Expectorants — These are used for assisting in coughing up of mucus and sputum from lungs and bronchi;

Cough mixtures — These are used to suppress coughing by reducing the irritation of throat;

Laxative and purgative — They make the bowels move. Laxative is milder than a purgative which is given when the bowels have not moved for several days;

Analgesics — They are drugs that soothe or relieve pain;

Tonics — These are drugs which are taken to strengthen the body and to supplement deficiencies in the nutritional value of foods;

Application for skin and mucous membrane includes ointments, lotions and liniments. These are often poisonous and should not be taken orally or i. v., except by rubbing on or applying to the skin or mucous membrane.

The major characteristics of drugs are:

1. Therapeutic effect — This is the ability to act selecti¬vely on an organ, on body tissues or on disease causing organism and to restore normal body function.

2. Side effects—In addition to its therapeutic effect drug may cause nausea, vomiting, etc.

3. Allergic reaction — If a person has an allergy he may show unexpected reaction when he is given the drug.

One should take into consideration the action of drugs on the body. Too little of the drug cause it to be ineffective while an overdose may be fatal. Children and aged persons are more sensitive to drugs and therefore require a smaller dose than others. In administrating drugs for small children many other factors have to be taken into consideration. Children are impressionable and their sense of fear and pain is so acute that it may obliterate the curative properties of a drug. So drugs for children should preferably be in liquid form, and taste good. For them special syrops and fruit and berry juices are used. The drugs that cannot be taken in liquid form are made to resemble sweets.

Other problems are involved in developing drugs for the aged, whose endocrine and other systems, kidneys and liver become less efficient. It takes longer for an aging organism to absorb and eliminate medicinal preparations. This is why it is important to combine these drugs with aminoacids, vita¬mins, and microelements, in all of which an eldery person is deficient.

Drugs are most commonly administered in four ways: orally (through the mouth), recta 1 ly (into the rectum), parenterally (by injection), and by inhalation through lungs. Occasionally, drugs such as nasal decongestants and antiasthma drugs are administered through the mem¬branes of the mouth or nose (e. g. nitroglycerine, under the tongue).

Answer the questions.

1. How can the drugs be grouped?

2. What is the action of antiseptics and disinfectants?

3. What is the difference be¬tween laxatives and purgatives?

4. What are the applica¬tions?

5. Can you describe the major characteristics of drugs?

6. What are the requirements for drugs for children and aged persons?

7. In what ways are drugs most com¬monly administered?

Prescription and method of use.

Назначення ліків та способи застосування.

I. Active Vocabulary

1.Translate into English

Тривалість-…………………………….

завершеність-…………………………………..

суміжний, схожи-…………………………………

прийнятний-…………………………….

Перевага-………………………………

зручність-……………………………….

слина-…………………………………..

грудна жаба, стенокардія-…………………………….

свічка, супозиторій-…………………………….

шприц-……………………………………………

підтікання, просочування-………………………………

випаровуватися-……………………………….

пошкодження, ураження-………………………………………..

2. Match the expression with its medical term.

1. the study of poisons	a. intravenous
2. treatment with chemicals	b. toxicology
3. pertaining to within a vein	c. rectum
4. study of drugs	d. pharmacology
5. pertaining to under the tongue	e. antibacterial
6. pertaining to under the skin	f. chemotherapy
7. against infection	g. sublingual
8. pertaining to within a sheath	h. topical
9. external	i. intradermal
10. the distal end of the digestive tract	j. intrathecal

3. Translate into Ukrainian

1. Angina pectoris is a disease marked by brief paroxysmal attacks of chest pain precipitated by deficient oxygenation of the heart mus¬cles.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………….

2.The needlestick injury is an accidental puncture of the skin with an unsterilized instrument (as a syringe).

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3.The enemies used a poisonous gas giving off poisonous vapors designed to kill, injure, or disable by inhalation.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4.This custom is widely acceptable in the country.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. When the patient tried to swallow the drug, the sudden overflow of saliva prevented him from doing it.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

6. The skin was red and many lesions on it didn't heal.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

7. During the childbirth intrethecal anesthesia is widely used.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. The patient suffered numerous intestinal ulcerative lesion.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

III Writing

1. Write an essay on the topic : Prescription and method of use.

2. Choose the English equivalents of these words and word combinations.

1. Прийом ліків:

a) drug taking	b) drug infusion	c) drug administration
2. Кров'яний потік:
a) bloodclot	b) blood occlusion	c) blood stream
3. Стенокардія:
a) hypertension	b) angina pectoris	c) enema
4. Водний розчин:
a) infusion	b) solution	c) suspension
5. Блювання:
a) nausea	b) vomiting	c) itching
6. Подразнювати:
a) to irritate	b) to inject	c) to irrigate
7. Спинний мозок:
a) cerebrum	b) medulla	c) spinal cord
8. Знеболювання:
a) application	b) inhalation	c) anesthesia
9. Мазь:
a) lotion	b) ointment	c) cream
10. Свічка:
a) suppository	b) tampon	c) syringe