- •От автора
- •Part I parts of a tree Unit 1 The functional parts of a tree
- •1.1 Active vocabulary:
- •1.2 Read and translate the text 1 using the active vocabulary and a dictionary. Text 1 Tree structure
- •2.1 Active vocabulary:
- •1.8 Match the terms with their definitions:
- •1.9 Find sentences from the text1 with Participles and translate them.
- •1.10 Read the text 2 and title it. Text 2
- •1.11 Topic for discussion.
- •U nit 2 The crown
- •2.2 Read and translate the text 1 using the active vocabulary and a dictionary. Text 1 The crown and leaf structure
- •2.3 Find the answers to the following questions in the text 1:
- •2.6 Describe the leaves (figure 2.6).
- •2.7 Match the terms with their definitions:
- •2.8 Skim the text 2. Single out the key sentences and write down them. Text 2 Tree shapes
- •2.9 Topic for discussion.
- •It is interesting to know
- •Unit 3 The crown parts
- •3.1 Active vocabulary:
- •3.2 Read and translate the text 1 using the active vocabulary and a dictionary.
- •The crown parts and functions
- •A. Seeds
- •B. Branches, twigs and buds
- •3.3 Find the answers to the following questions in the text 1:
- •3.5 Divide the words into 3 groups according their meanings:
- •3.6. Read and translate the text 2, paying attention to the bold words. Text 2 Kapok tree
- •3.7 Match the words with their definitions:
- •3.8 Read the text 1 again and say if the statements are false or true. Correct the false ones.
- •3.9 Skim the text 3 and tell what it is about. Text 3 Leaves and Needles
- •It is interesting to know
- •Unit 4 Roots
- •4.1 Active vocabulary:
- •4.2 Read and translate the text 1 using the active vocabulary and a dictionary. Text 1 Root structure
- •4.3 Find the answers to the following questions in the text 1:
- •4.4 Match the words with their definitions:
- •Text 2 Mangrove trees
- •4.10 Topic for discussion.
- •Unit 5 The trunk
- •5.1 Active vocabulary:
- •Text 1 The trunk structure and functions
- •5.3Find the answers to the following questions in the text 1:
- •5.5 Find the sentences with the ing-forms of the verbs in the text 2 and explain their using.
- •5.6 Choose the correct answer for the questions:
- •5.7 Choose the correct word.
- •5.8 Skim the texts 3and 4. Title them. Write down an annotation of the texts. Text 3
- •4.10 Topic for discussion.
- •It is interesting to know Aspen tree trunk
- •Part 2 tree Unit 1 Tree classification
- •1.2 Read and translate the text 1 using the active vocabulary and a dictionary. T Figure 1.1 Sugar Maple ext 1 Tree types
- •1.3 Find the answers to the following questions in the text 1:
- •1.4 Match the terms with their definitions:
- •1.5 Read the text 1 again and say if the statements are false or true. Correct the false ones.
- •1.6 Divide the text 1 into four parts and name them.
- •1.7 Skim the texts 2and 3. Write down an annotation of the texts. Text 2 How to Study Trees
- •Text 3 Shrubs and trees
- •It is interesting to know Popular poplars
- •Interesting facts about trees
- •4.10 Topic for discussion.
- •Unit 2 How trees live and grow
- •2.1 Active vocabulary
- •2.2 Read and translate the text1 using a dictionary. Text 1 How Trees Live
- •Text 2 a. How Does a Tree Grow?
- •Text 3 Dendrochronology
- •2.8 Topic for discussion.
- •Unit 3 Trees
- •3.2 Read and translate the text 1 using the active vocabulary and a dictionary. A. Cypress
- •B. Sugar Maple
- •C. Silver Fir
- •D. English Oak
- •E. Baobab
- •F. Norway spruce
- •G. Teak
- •H. Lodgepole pine
- •3.5 Make up summary chart of some trees (use the texts a-h).
- •3.6 Read and translate the text 1 using the active vocabulary and a dictionary. Text 1 Strange Kinds of Trees
- •3.7 Topics for discussion.
- •It is interesting to know
- •Part III forest Unit 1 What a forest is?
- •1.2 Read and translate the text using the active vocabulary and a dictionary. Text 1 Forest classification
- •1.3 Find the answers to the following questions in the text 1:
- •1.4 Divide the text into the main paragraphs and name each of them.
- •1.5 Complete the definitions with the following words and word-combinations: steppe, tropical rainforests, field, savanna, boreal forest, tundra. What is it?
- •1.6 Compare coniferous and deciduous forests, according to the plan. Use the information given below.
- •Temperate Deciduous Forest
- •Description of temperate deciduous forests
- •C oniferous Forest d Figure 1.4 Coniferous forest (Beaverlode, Albergta, Canada) escription of coniferous forests
- •Unit 2 Forests
- •2.1. Read the texts with the help of a dictionary. A. Forests of Russia
- •B. Britain’s forests
- •C. Forests of the usa
- •D. Forests of Canada
- •E. Australian forests
- •F. Forests of China
- •2.2 Make up summary chart of forests in different countries (use the texts a-f).
- •2.4 Skim the text 1. Write down an annotation of the text. Title the text. Text 1
- •2.5 Topic for discussion.
- •Unit 3 Rainforests Text1 Tropical rainforests
- •3.1 Read and translate the text 1 using a dictionary.
- •11.4 Divide the text into the main paragraphs and name each of them.
- •11.5 Read the text 1 again and say if the statements are false or true. Correct the false ones.
- •11.6 Skim the text 2. Title it. Write down an annotation of the text. Text 2
- •11.2 Find the answers to the following questions in the text 1:
- •11.7 Topic for discussion.
- •1.1 Read and translate the text 1 using a dictionary.
- •1.3 Make up the plan of the text 1, putting the names of the parts according to the text 1:
- •1.4 Write out from the text all word-combinations with the word «forest»and translate them into Russian. Consult a dictionary if necessary.
- •1.6 Skim the text 2 (a, b). Write down an annotation of the texts. Text 2 a. Forest Service in The usa
- •B. Forestry in the uk
- •1.7 Read and translate the text. Professional foresters
- •1.8 Speak on
- •Unit 2 Protecting the forest
- •2.1 Read and translate the text1 using a dictionary.
- •Forest problems
- •Insect and Disease Problems
- •The Control of Fire
- •Text 2 Trees in danger
- •2.8 Study figure 2.4 and tell about Bark beetle life cycle.
- •2.9 Read the text 3 without a dictionary. Text 3
- •2.10 Discuss the information from the text 3. Unit 3 Forest Products
- •3.2 Read and translate the text 1 using the active vocabulary and a dictionary. Text 1 f Figure 3.1 a wall lamp made partially from plywood orest Products
- •3.3 Answer the following questions:
- •3.4 Make up the plan of the text1, putting the names of the parts according to the text 1:
- •3.5 Write out from the text all words and word – combinations with the word “wood” and translate them into Russian. Consult a dictionary if necessary.
- •3.7 Read and translate the text using a dictionary, paying attention to the bold words Title the text.
- •3.8 Read the text 2 using a dictionary. Text 2 a. Wood for craftsmen
- •3.9 Skim the text 3. Write down an annotation of the text. Text3 Wood Production
- •3.10 Topic for discussion.
- •Part V texts for additional reading
- •1 Tree parts and how they «work»
- •2 The buds
- •3 Photosynthesis
- •4 The root system
- •5 Hardwood Forests
- •6 Softwood Forests
- •7 Mangrove Forests
- •8 Improving the Forest
- •9 Sap flow in desert trees
- •10 Birch
- •11 Kapok Tree
- •12 Common Lime
- •14 Temperate forest
- •15 Layers of the Rainforest
- •16 Urban Tree Decline
- •Figure 16.1 Maple declining from paving
- •17 Forest fires a Positive Effects of Forest Fires
- •B Negative Effects of Forest Fires
- •18 Soil and Forests of Russia
- •19 The Russian boreal forests
- •20 Larch Forest in Krasnoyarsk
- •21 Bashkortostan protected nature areas
- •Celtic Astrological Signs
- •What are different woods used for?
- •English-Russian vocabulary of the main Forestry Terms
- •29. Farmsteads
- •85. Unforested lands
- •Units of meazurement
- •Библиографический список
- •Contents
Celtic Astrological Signs
It would be more correct to call it as a horoscope of druids, it is more than two thousand years. On the language of the ancient Celts (Gaels and Brits) druids - worshipping the oak, prophets. Minsters, doctors, the judges and foretellers of fates – druids at the end of the first millennium BC made up a numerous priestly intertribal corporation with the life head and rendered a strong influence on the life Celtic tribes. Druids lived in a forest, for them it was sacred. From here without doubt they took connection of human natures with trees. Magic value was given by druids to winter and summer opposition of the Sun, vernal and autumnal equinox. The position of the sun concerning the Earth when a man was born, thus, formed the basis for definition of nature, capabilities and destiny. For this reason each sign in the horoscope of druids has two periods of work. And one more curious note - we are obliged to druids by the custom to settle holidays of the New Year’s tree.
The Celtic horoscope is based on a monthly calendar somewhat different from the calendar in use today. The Celts and Druids used trees as the symbol to represent each month. Celtic legend has it that each one of us was born under a special tree, sort of like a "Tree Horoscope." Find your birthday and read below what your tree is and what it says about your personality.
Dec 23 – Jan 1
Jun 25 – Jul 4 APPLE TREE (the Love) – of slight build, lots of charm, appeal, and attraction, pleasant aura, flirtatious, adventurous, sensitive, always in love, wants to love and be loved, faithful and tender partner, very generous, scientific talents, lives for today, a carefree philosopher with imagination.
May 25 – Jun 3
Nov 22 – Dec 1 ASH TREE (the Ambition) – vivacious, impulsive, demanding, does not care for criticism, ambitious, intelligent, likes to play with fate, can be egotistic, very reliable and trustworthy, faithful and prudent lover, sometimes brains rule over the heart, but takes partnership very seriously.
Dec 22-31 BEECH TREE (the Creative) – has good taste, concerned about its looks, materialistic, good organization of life and career, economical, good leader, takes no unnecessary risks, reasonable, splendid lifetime companion, keen on keeping fit (diets, sports, etc.)
Jun 24 BIRCH TREE (the inspiration) – vivacious, attractive, elegant, friendly, unpretentious, modest, does not like anything in excess, abhors the vulgar, loves life in nature and in calm, not very passionate, full of imagination, little ambition, creates a calm and content atmosphere.
Feb 9 – Feb 18
Aug 14 – Aug 23 CEDAR TREE (the Confidence) – of rare beauty, knows how to adapt, likes luxury, of good health, not in the least shy, tends to look down on others, self-confident, determined, impatient, likes to impress others, many talents, industrious, healthy optimism, waiting for the one true love, able to make quick decisions.
May 15 – May 24
Nov 12 – Nov 21 CHESTNUT TREE (the Honesty) – of unusual beauty, does not want to impress, well-developed sense of justice, vivacious, interested, a born diplomat, but irritates easily and sensitive in company, often due to a lack of self confidence due to a lack of self confidence, acts sometimes superior, feels not understood, loves only once, has difficulties in finding a partner.
Jan 25 – Feb 3
Jul 26 – Aug 4 CYPRESS TREE (the Faithfulness) – strong, muscular, adaptable, takes what life has to give, content, optimistic, craves money and acknowledgment, hates loneliness, passionate lover which cannot be satisfied, faithful, quick tempered, unruly, pedantic, and careless.
Jan 12 – Jan 24
Jul 15 – Jul 25 ELM TREE (the Noble-mindedness) – pleasant shape, tasteful clothes, modest demands, tends not to forgive mistakes, cheerful, likes to lead but not to obey, honest and faithful partner, likes making decisions for others, noble-minded, generous, good sense of humor, practical.
Jun 14 – Jun 23
Dec 12 – Dec 21 FIG TREE (the Sensibility) – very strong, a bit self-willed, independent, does not allow contradiction or arguments, loves life, its family, children and animals, a bit of a social butterfly, good sense of humor, likes idleness and laziness, of practical talent and intelligence.
Jan 1 – Jan 11
Jul 5 – Jul 14 FIR TREE (the Mysterious) – extraordinary taste, dignity, sophisticated, loves anything beautiful, moody close to them, rather modest, very ambitious, stubborn, tends to egoism but cares for those talented, industrious, uncontented lover, many friends, many foes, very reliable.
Mar 22 – Mar 31
Sep 24 – Oct 3 HAZELNUT TREE (the Extraordinary) – charming, undemanding, very understanding, knows how to make an impression, active fighter for social cause, popular, moody, and capricious lover, honest, and tolerant partner, precise sense of judgment.
Jun 4 – Jun 13
Dec 2 – Dec 11 HORNBEAM TREE (the Good Taste) – of cool beauty, cares for its looks and condition, good taste, is not egoistic, makes life as comfortable as possible, leads a reasonable and disciplined life, looks for kindness and acknowledgment in an emotional partner, dreams of unusual lovers, is seldom happy with its feelings, mistrusts most people, is never sure of its decisions, very conscientious.
Mar 11 – Mar 20
Sep 13 – Sep 22 LIME TREE (the Doubt) – accepts what life dishes out in a composed way, hates fighting, stress, and labor, dislikes laziness and idleness, soft and relenting, makes sacrifices for friends, many talents but not tenacious enough to make them blossom, often wailing and complaining, very jealous but loyal.
Apr 11 – Apr 20
Oct 14 – Oct 23 MAPLE TREE (Independence of Mind) – no ordinary person, full of imagination and originality, shy and reserved, ambitious, proud, self-confident, hungers for new experiences, sometimes nervous, has many complexities, good memory, learns easily, complicated love life, wants to impress.
Mar 21 OAK TREE (the Brave) – robust nature, courageous, strong, unrelenting, independent, sensible, does not like change, keeps its feet on the ground, person of action.
Sep 23 OLIVE TREE (the Wisdom) – loves sun, warmth and kind feelings, reasonable, balanced, avoids aggression and violence, tolerant, cheerful, calm, well-developed sense of justice, sensitive, empathetic, free of jealousy, loves to read and the company of sophisticated people.
Feb 19 – Feb 28
Aug 24 – Sep 2 PINE TREE (the Particular) – loves agreeable company, very robust, knows how to make life comfortable, very active, natural, good companion, but seldom friendly, falls easily in love but its passion burns out quickly, gives up easily, everything disappointments until it finds its ideal, trustworthy, practical.
Feb 4 – Feb 8
May 1 – May 14
Aug 5 – Aug 13 POPLAR TREE (the Uncertainty) – looks very decorative, not very self-confident, only courageous if necessary, needs goodwill and pleasant surroundings, very choosy, often lonely, great animosity, artistic nature, good organizer, tends to lean toward philosophy, reliable in any situation, takes partnership seriously.
Apr 1 – Apr 10
Oct 4 – Oct 13 ROWAN TREE (the Sensitivity) – full of charm, cheerful, gifted without e goism, likes to draw attention, loves life, motion, unrest, and even complications, is both dependent and independent, good taste, artistic, passionate, emotional, good company, does not forgive.
Apr 21 – Apr 30
Oct 24 – Nov 11 WALNUT TREE (the Passion) – unrelenting, strange and full of contrasts, often egotistic, aggressive, noble, broad horizon, unexpected reactions, spontaneous, unlimited ambition, no flexibility, difficult and uncommon partner, not always liked but often admired, ingenious strategist, very jealous and passionate, no compromise.
Mar 1 – Mar 10
Sep 3 – Sep 12 WEEPING WILLOW (the Melancholy) – beautiful but full of melancholy, attractive, very empathetic, loves anything beautiful and tasteful, loves to travel, dreamer, restless, capricious, honest, can be influenced but is not easy to live with. demanding, good intuition, suffers in love but finds sometimes.
