- •От автора
- •Part I parts of a tree Unit 1 The functional parts of a tree
- •1.1 Active vocabulary:
- •1.2 Read and translate the text 1 using the active vocabulary and a dictionary. Text 1 Tree structure
- •2.1 Active vocabulary:
- •1.8 Match the terms with their definitions:
- •1.9 Find sentences from the text1 with Participles and translate them.
- •1.10 Read the text 2 and title it. Text 2
- •1.11 Topic for discussion.
- •U nit 2 The crown
- •2.2 Read and translate the text 1 using the active vocabulary and a dictionary. Text 1 The crown and leaf structure
- •2.3 Find the answers to the following questions in the text 1:
- •2.6 Describe the leaves (figure 2.6).
- •2.7 Match the terms with their definitions:
- •2.8 Skim the text 2. Single out the key sentences and write down them. Text 2 Tree shapes
- •2.9 Topic for discussion.
- •It is interesting to know
- •Unit 3 The crown parts
- •3.1 Active vocabulary:
- •3.2 Read and translate the text 1 using the active vocabulary and a dictionary.
- •The crown parts and functions
- •A. Seeds
- •B. Branches, twigs and buds
- •3.3 Find the answers to the following questions in the text 1:
- •3.5 Divide the words into 3 groups according their meanings:
- •3.6. Read and translate the text 2, paying attention to the bold words. Text 2 Kapok tree
- •3.7 Match the words with their definitions:
- •3.8 Read the text 1 again and say if the statements are false or true. Correct the false ones.
- •3.9 Skim the text 3 and tell what it is about. Text 3 Leaves and Needles
- •It is interesting to know
- •Unit 4 Roots
- •4.1 Active vocabulary:
- •4.2 Read and translate the text 1 using the active vocabulary and a dictionary. Text 1 Root structure
- •4.3 Find the answers to the following questions in the text 1:
- •4.4 Match the words with their definitions:
- •Text 2 Mangrove trees
- •4.10 Topic for discussion.
- •Unit 5 The trunk
- •5.1 Active vocabulary:
- •Text 1 The trunk structure and functions
- •5.3Find the answers to the following questions in the text 1:
- •5.5 Find the sentences with the ing-forms of the verbs in the text 2 and explain their using.
- •5.6 Choose the correct answer for the questions:
- •5.7 Choose the correct word.
- •5.8 Skim the texts 3and 4. Title them. Write down an annotation of the texts. Text 3
- •4.10 Topic for discussion.
- •It is interesting to know Aspen tree trunk
- •Part 2 tree Unit 1 Tree classification
- •1.2 Read and translate the text 1 using the active vocabulary and a dictionary. T Figure 1.1 Sugar Maple ext 1 Tree types
- •1.3 Find the answers to the following questions in the text 1:
- •1.4 Match the terms with their definitions:
- •1.5 Read the text 1 again and say if the statements are false or true. Correct the false ones.
- •1.6 Divide the text 1 into four parts and name them.
- •1.7 Skim the texts 2and 3. Write down an annotation of the texts. Text 2 How to Study Trees
- •Text 3 Shrubs and trees
- •It is interesting to know Popular poplars
- •Interesting facts about trees
- •4.10 Topic for discussion.
- •Unit 2 How trees live and grow
- •2.1 Active vocabulary
- •2.2 Read and translate the text1 using a dictionary. Text 1 How Trees Live
- •Text 2 a. How Does a Tree Grow?
- •Text 3 Dendrochronology
- •2.8 Topic for discussion.
- •Unit 3 Trees
- •3.2 Read and translate the text 1 using the active vocabulary and a dictionary. A. Cypress
- •B. Sugar Maple
- •C. Silver Fir
- •D. English Oak
- •E. Baobab
- •F. Norway spruce
- •G. Teak
- •H. Lodgepole pine
- •3.5 Make up summary chart of some trees (use the texts a-h).
- •3.6 Read and translate the text 1 using the active vocabulary and a dictionary. Text 1 Strange Kinds of Trees
- •3.7 Topics for discussion.
- •It is interesting to know
- •Part III forest Unit 1 What a forest is?
- •1.2 Read and translate the text using the active vocabulary and a dictionary. Text 1 Forest classification
- •1.3 Find the answers to the following questions in the text 1:
- •1.4 Divide the text into the main paragraphs and name each of them.
- •1.5 Complete the definitions with the following words and word-combinations: steppe, tropical rainforests, field, savanna, boreal forest, tundra. What is it?
- •1.6 Compare coniferous and deciduous forests, according to the plan. Use the information given below.
- •Temperate Deciduous Forest
- •Description of temperate deciduous forests
- •C oniferous Forest d Figure 1.4 Coniferous forest (Beaverlode, Albergta, Canada) escription of coniferous forests
- •Unit 2 Forests
- •2.1. Read the texts with the help of a dictionary. A. Forests of Russia
- •B. Britain’s forests
- •C. Forests of the usa
- •D. Forests of Canada
- •E. Australian forests
- •F. Forests of China
- •2.2 Make up summary chart of forests in different countries (use the texts a-f).
- •2.4 Skim the text 1. Write down an annotation of the text. Title the text. Text 1
- •2.5 Topic for discussion.
- •Unit 3 Rainforests Text1 Tropical rainforests
- •3.1 Read and translate the text 1 using a dictionary.
- •11.4 Divide the text into the main paragraphs and name each of them.
- •11.5 Read the text 1 again and say if the statements are false or true. Correct the false ones.
- •11.6 Skim the text 2. Title it. Write down an annotation of the text. Text 2
- •11.2 Find the answers to the following questions in the text 1:
- •11.7 Topic for discussion.
- •1.1 Read and translate the text 1 using a dictionary.
- •1.3 Make up the plan of the text 1, putting the names of the parts according to the text 1:
- •1.4 Write out from the text all word-combinations with the word «forest»and translate them into Russian. Consult a dictionary if necessary.
- •1.6 Skim the text 2 (a, b). Write down an annotation of the texts. Text 2 a. Forest Service in The usa
- •B. Forestry in the uk
- •1.7 Read and translate the text. Professional foresters
- •1.8 Speak on
- •Unit 2 Protecting the forest
- •2.1 Read and translate the text1 using a dictionary.
- •Forest problems
- •Insect and Disease Problems
- •The Control of Fire
- •Text 2 Trees in danger
- •2.8 Study figure 2.4 and tell about Bark beetle life cycle.
- •2.9 Read the text 3 without a dictionary. Text 3
- •2.10 Discuss the information from the text 3. Unit 3 Forest Products
- •3.2 Read and translate the text 1 using the active vocabulary and a dictionary. Text 1 f Figure 3.1 a wall lamp made partially from plywood orest Products
- •3.3 Answer the following questions:
- •3.4 Make up the plan of the text1, putting the names of the parts according to the text 1:
- •3.5 Write out from the text all words and word – combinations with the word “wood” and translate them into Russian. Consult a dictionary if necessary.
- •3.7 Read and translate the text using a dictionary, paying attention to the bold words Title the text.
- •3.8 Read the text 2 using a dictionary. Text 2 a. Wood for craftsmen
- •3.9 Skim the text 3. Write down an annotation of the text. Text3 Wood Production
- •3.10 Topic for discussion.
- •Part V texts for additional reading
- •1 Tree parts and how they «work»
- •2 The buds
- •3 Photosynthesis
- •4 The root system
- •5 Hardwood Forests
- •6 Softwood Forests
- •7 Mangrove Forests
- •8 Improving the Forest
- •9 Sap flow in desert trees
- •10 Birch
- •11 Kapok Tree
- •12 Common Lime
- •14 Temperate forest
- •15 Layers of the Rainforest
- •16 Urban Tree Decline
- •Figure 16.1 Maple declining from paving
- •17 Forest fires a Positive Effects of Forest Fires
- •B Negative Effects of Forest Fires
- •18 Soil and Forests of Russia
- •19 The Russian boreal forests
- •20 Larch Forest in Krasnoyarsk
- •21 Bashkortostan protected nature areas
- •Celtic Astrological Signs
- •What are different woods used for?
- •English-Russian vocabulary of the main Forestry Terms
- •29. Farmsteads
- •85. Unforested lands
- •Units of meazurement
- •Библиографический список
- •Contents
English-Russian vocabulary of the main Forestry Terms
A acorn alder alternate annual ring ash aspen B baobab bark beech berry birch blade blossom blunt tip bough branch branchlet bud bunch C cambium catkin chestnut cedar coloring matter compound cone coniferous trees copse cortex cypress crown chipper
chipping
chip canopy D deciduous trees decay disease Douglas fir doubly-compound drain dye E epidermal cell eucalyptus elm еven-aged stand evergreen F false ring fiber fibrous root fir fine root flakeboard flower foliage forest floor fruit G glue grain
grove growth H hair-roots heartwood hemlock holly I inner bark insect J juniper K kapok knot L larch lateral leaf (pl leaves) leafage leaflet leafstalk layer lignin limb lime lumber M maple medullary rays meristem missing ring mixed forest N nut nutrient O oak oil old-gtowth forest opposite outer bark outer edge P palmate paper parenchyma parent tree partial ring petiole pine pinnate pipe pipeline pith phloem plywood pod poplar primary root pulp pure forest R root root cap rounded shape rowan S samara sap sapling sapwood scale screen secondary root seed seedling shallow root shape shoot species composition spruce spur stand stem stem cutting strength starch stump sugar surface root
T taproot teak terminal bud timber tip tissue tracheid tree species triangular shape trunk tube U understorey
uneven-age stand V vacuole veneer vessel veteran W willow wood rays woody fiber xylem Y yew |
жёлудь ольха очередной годичное кольцо ясень осина
баобаб кора бук ягода берёза листовая пластина цветение, цвет тупая(скругленная) верхушка сук, ветвь ветвь, сук, ответвление веточка, побег почка связка, пучок
камбий серёжка каштан кедр красящее вещество сложный шишка хвойные деревья низкорослый порослевый лес кожица; корка кипарис крона рубильная машина; дробилка; стружечный станок рубка, дробление, измельчение; переработка (лесоматериала) в щепу щепа; стружка полог (насаждения)
лиственные деревья гнить болезнь лжетсуга двойной сложный стекать краситель
клетки эпидемия эвкалипт ильм, вяз одновозрастное насаждение вечнозеленые деревья
ложное годичное кольцо волокно волокнистый корень пихта, ель волокнистый корень ДСП из станочной стружки цветок листва лесной настил плод
клей строение, структура, текстура (древесины) роща, перелесок рост; прирост
корневые волоски сердцевина, ядро тсуга остролист
луб, лыко насекомое
можжевельник
капок сучок, нарост
лиственница боковой лист (мн. листья) листва, крона листочек сложного листа листовая ножка слой лигнин сучок, ветвь липа древесина
клён сердцевинные лучи меристема пропущенное годичное кольцо смешанный лес
орех питательное вещество
дуб масло перестойный лес супротивный корка (наружный слой коры) внешняя кромка
лапчатый бумага паренхима родительское дерево частичное годичное кольцо черешок (листа) сосна перистый труба трубопровод сердцевина флоэма, луб фанера; слоистая древесина стручок тополь первичный корень волокнистая масса, целлюлоза однородный лес
корень корневой чехлик округлая форма рябина
крылатка сок молодое деревце заболонь древесины чешуйка сортировка; сетка; сито вторичный корень семя сеянец поверхностный корень форма побег видовой состав ель подъездная ветка, ус насаждение ствол, стебель, стебелёк стеблевой черенок прочность крахмал пень сахар поверхностный корень
главный (стержневой) корень тик верхушечная почка древесина, стройматериалы верхушка ткань трахеида, сосудовидная клетка виды деревьев треугольная форма ствол трубка
1 нижний ярус 2 порослевое молодое насаждение разновозрастное насаждение
вакуоля фанера; шпон сосуд дерево диаметром более 60 см
ива ксилемные лучи древесное волокно ксилема, древесные волокна
тис |
Glossary
The following is an alphabetical listing of some forestry terms
1. Agriculture
the cultivation of land, including crop raising, stock-raising and forestry.
2. Agroforestry
the combination of timber production and agriculture on the same land; farming activities, such as livestock and cropping, are undertaken between widely spaced trees usually cultivated for timber, firewood and/or fodder.
3. Angiosperms
flowering plants; plants which produce seeds enclosed in an ovary.
4. Breast height
1.3m above the ground. This is the standard height at which a tree diameter is measured.
5. Broadleaf forests
the general description of forests composed principally of trees and shrubs of the botanical group of flowering species (angiosperms) which is in contrast to conifers or pines (gymnosperms); often called hardwood forests, though in New South Wales broadleaf forests include both eucalypt forests (hardwood) and rainforest (brushwood or softwood).
6. Cable logging
logging method used where slopes are too steep for conventional logging machinery. Overhead cables are set up and the felled logs are attached and pulled up the slope to log landings.
7. Canopy
the uppermost level of foliage formed by the branches and leaves of a tree.
8. Cellulose
a large molecule made up of glucose units naturally produced by plants, provides the strength of plant cell walls.
9. Chlorophyll
the pigment that gives plants their green colouring; it is required for the absorption of light during phothosynthesis.
10. Clearfelling
the removal of all or most of the tree cover and associated understorey from a forested or vegetated area, method used in the final harvesting of a pine plantation.
11. Clearing
open sites of non-forest lands located within a forest, covered with grasses and herbs, where all or most of the tree cover and associated understorey have been removed and the land use changed eg. for agriculture or urban and industrial development.
12. Closed forest
a forest with a canopy cover of greater than 70 per cent.
13. Cone the fruit of coniferous trees, contains the seeds of the plant.
14. Conifers
evergreen trees and shrubs which produce naked seeds usually in cones.
15. Controlled burning
post – logging burn.
16. Copice
regrowth that grows from dormant buds under the bark of tree stumps after the tree has been felled.
17. Coupe
a small area of forest within a compartment that is harvested in a single operation.
18. Crown
the top of a tree or group of trees; the leaves and living branches of a tree.
19. Crown cover
the area covered by the crowns of trees growing closely together, often expressed as a percentage for the combined crown cover of trees in a defined area.
20. Cutting cycle
the time interval between successive harvesting operations on the same area or within a given management area.
21. Cypress
an evergreen native coniferous tree which produces durable wood; also refers to the wood derived from a cypress tree.
22. DBH
abbreviation for the diameter of a tree at breast height (1.3 metres above ground level).
23. Deciduous
plants which shed their leaves annually.
24. Deforestation
clearing of forested areas.
25. Dieback
the eventual death of trees from environmental stresses, such as pest attack, exposure to fungal disease, increasing soil salinity; general name for a significant decline in tree health and numbers, especially native trees; caused by a variety of agents, including insect attack, disease, pollution and other human-induced changes in the environment.
26. Ecotourism
nature-based tourism which is ecologically sustainable.
27. Farm forestry
commercial tree production on farmland.
28. Fauna
the animal life of a region.