менгардт английский для техн вузов

THE VERBS TO BE, TO HAVE

1. These data are available in current scientific literature. 2. Electric conductivity is characteristic of all metals. 3. Electronic devices are in an important wide use in laboratory research. 4. From the official point of view this research institute has a good financial support. 5. These results are in good agreement with the theoretical prediction. 6. This question is outside the scope of my paper. 7. Similar studies are in progress at many laboratories of the world. 8. These data are important for further research. 9. We have an excellent opportunity to check our result. 10. This research is interesting from many points of view. 11. From the practical point of view this research work was not an easy task. 12. Each atom has an electron cloud in normal conditions. 13. From the academic point of view this seminar course was of no interest to theoretical physicists. 14. His arguments were convincing. 15. The results of his work were impressive. 16. Our failure was apparent. 17. These data are a good basis for our further work. 18. We had a hope that these investigations would fill the gap in our understanding of the mechanism. 19. From the practical point of view the setting up of this research center was important. 20. The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert it into a form suitable for computer processing.

THERE + TO BE

1. There are some modern devices in our laboratory. 2. There is a new computer in the self-study room of our university. 3. Is there a new article in the scientific magazine? 4. There are some practical lessons which students can have during the experiment. 5. There are three monographs of Professor Schneider in the library. 6. There are a lot of unsolved problems in microelectronics. 7. There is the only problem we haven’t discussed yet. 8. There isn’t any new information for the students on the board. 9. There is a great variety of scientific works in the university library. 10. There are some interesting ideas which students can take for their course projects. 11. Are there any new approaches in optoelectronics? 12. There are some new results received after the experiment. 13. There is some information on viruses in my recent article but there isn’t any data. 14. There are a lot of excellent opportunities for the students after they graduate from the university. 15. There aren’t many new directions in modern physics. 16. Are there any new results received after the experiment? 17. There are a few students from our group who take part in annual conferences. 18. There is a wide range of complicated problems which should be decided soon. 19. There are some innovative methods which should be taken into consideration. 20. There is a little gas and oxygen needed for the experiment. 21. How many students are there in the laboratory?

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22. ‘Is there any vacuum in the tube?’ ‘No there isn’t’. 23. There is only one solution of this equation. 24. Are there any other ways of solving the problem? 25. There are some misunderstandings on the problem that must be solved very quickly. 26. Is there any cooperation between computer companies of the town and your department? 27. How many faculties are there at the university? – There are six faculties, twenty one departments and forty-nine specialties. 28. There aren’t any suitable methods to prove your idea. 29. There is a great difference between the results received after a number of tests. 30. There isn’t much information about recent discoveries in this direction.

SOME / ANY; MUCH / MANY; A FEW / A LITTLE

1. There are some evident difficulties in solving the problem. 2. The laboratory does not have any medical equipment to conduct the experience. 3. There are a few ideas that are offered in the article. 4. The experiment didn’t give any unexpected results. 5. While doing the research work, the engineers of our department discovered some new properties of this material. 6. Have you received any new data necessary for your course project? 7. I am not sure if you have much time to finish the laboratory work by the end of the lesson. 8. There are not many applications of the method presented by Professor Heloise. 9. There are a few useful instructions how to use the new equipment.

10.There is not much new information but we hope for some better results.

11.Are there any other properties this staff has? 12. I do not know any other interpretations of this translation. Does the word ‘device’ have any more meanings? 13. During the international exhibition some interesting models of the new plane were presented. 14. The teacher of computer science does not think that I have given much attention to the theoretical foundation of the subject. 15. I completely agree with some new approaches but I am sure there exist some evident problems and it is early to make a conclusion yet. 16. The success of the experiment depends on some data, the most important of which is the installation of some modern equipment in the laboratory. 17. The designers have proved that there are not many new methods of using this device. 18. At the moment the leading engineers of our department are trying to find some explanation on the data received but they have no any ideas yet.

20.There are some problems on your project which need some serious attention to the practical use of the device. 21. There are some interesting seminars on History during this semester but I do not know how many exactly.

22.I haven’t received any new information, so I can’t start the experimental part of the project. 29. There are some important ecological problems which have to be solved soon. 30. I am not sure if you have given much attention to the aim of the experiment.

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TENSES OF THE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Simple Active

1. Out-of-date instruments cause a lot of complications in research. 2. He made an attempt to interpret the previous results in terms of the new theory. 3. They left out the minor problems completely. 4. The paper will contain an analysis of the existing theories and some related questions. 5. They set forth a new technique for data analysis. 6. This procedure reduces the energy losses. 7. My paper will consist of several sections: a brief introduction, discussion of the materials and methods, consideration of the experimental results, and conclusions. 8. The temperature remains constant throughout the experiment. 9. They brought up the question of data reliability again. 10. Consideration of the new results will require a thorough analysis and a careful comparison with the available data. 11. This method minimizes the experimental errors. 12. The recent findings fit our assumption. 13. From the experimental point of view such a study seems quite feasible. 14. His project for further research met with enthusiastic support from everyone. 15. In the introduction I will outline the present state of research in the field of physics. 16. This method facilitates the measurements. 17. They gave about one hundred contributed papers at the conference. 18. To close this section, we shall discuss the principal conclusions from the work and possible applications of the obtained results. 19. They withdrew two invited papers from the program. 20. The paper will contain a discussion of recent developments in this area of physics.

Simple Passive

1. This technique is now generally accepted in physical research. 2. The present situation in this field was carefully analyzed. 3. In this paper some account will be given of the experimental techniques. 4. This modification was effectively used by Smith and his co-workers. 5. Reference will be made to the experimental difficulties. 6. All of these requirements are met in the experiment. 7. Some new methods and research techniques were suggested. 8. Steps are taken to minimize the defect. 9. Some consideration will be given to the related questions. 10. We are interested in the recent studies of this research group. 11. This correlation was convincingly shown in his paper in 2006. 12. Some illustrative examples of this idea will be given here. 13. The papers were followed by interesting discussions. 14. Several factors are involved in this process; these factors are interrelated. 15. A brief account will be given of the available data and interpretations concerning this mechanism. 16. The particle trajectory will necessarily be shifted. 17. In this analysis account will be taken of the complicated features of this process. 18. The

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latest developments were reviewed. 19. Measurement of the radiation intensity is made with a special instrument. 20. Some panel discussions will possibly be arranged during the conference. 21. Some new ideas and theories were advanced. 22. The readings are taken regularly. 23. All of these problems will be dealt with from both theoretical and experimental viewpoints. 24. Some information is lost in data processing. 25. The theories were illustrated by experimental findings. 26. This paper will be intended for theoretical physicists. 27. The measurements are written down regularly. 28. This technique was profitably used in the study of electron scattering. 29. An attempt will be made to resolve this controversy. 30. The theoretical aspects of the problem will be considered in depth. 31. Some illustrations are given at the end of the book. 32. The plenary sessions were attended by all conference members. 33. A theoretical treatment of the problem will be suggested. 34. Simultaneous translation of papers was provided. 35. The meetings of this society are held regularly. 36. This theory is well founded.

Progressive Active and Passive

1. Considerable changes are currently taking place in the organization of research. 2. New superconducting magnets are currently being built which will find application in research and industry. 3. A thorough analysis of these optical phenomena is still lacking. 4. Study of the intrinsic properties of materials is going on a large scale. 5. Several solutions of the problem of controlled thermonuclear reactions are currently being investigated at various places. 6. We are now facing a difficult dilemma: either to look for a better approach or to call off the experiments. 7. Some of our older conceptions are presently being revised, since they have come into conflict with new experimental findings. 8. Science is becoming a leading factor of progress of mankind. 9. We are now looking for an optimal solution, since there is a choice. 10. The body of scientific information is growing at an exponential rate.

Perfect Active and Passive

1. During the last few years we have witnessed remarkable progress in the space research techniques. 2. The contribution of Russian scientists to space research has been greatly appreciated. 3. The idea of direct probing of the universe has become a popular one. 4. In recent years much of our interest has been centered round the problem of the evolution of comets 5. In the last few decades much of the data in various areas of physics has been analyzed quite well in terms of quantum theory. 6. During the last several years some

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attempts have been made to classify the elementary particles. 7. The studies which have been described in this paper have become classical ones. 8. Recent experiments concerning these phenomena have focused considerable attention on getting reliable data. 9. We have recently attempted a study of the feedback mechanism and have found some direct evidence against that widely spread conception. 10. In recent years a considerable number of works have appeared on various problems of elementary particle physics. 11. In recent literature the problem and prospects of this new trend in science have not been discussed exhaustively. 12. The recent advancements in instrumentation have facilitated the solution of this problem which in the past was only approached by hit and miss methods. 13. A few improvements have lately been recommended to facilitate the experiments on atomic collisions. 14. Progress in computer science has given rise to a lot of popularizing books and articles. 15. Your work has not been discussed at the laboratory seminars. 16. This conclusion has mainly been drawn from observation. 17. The inconsistency of this assumption has largely been shown by electron microscopic studies. 18. The intensive research has culminated in a few important discoveries. 19. This problem has lately been studied very intensively. 20. The problem you are studying has not been widely discussed in literature.

PARTICIPLE

Participle I

Complex Object

1. I knew this mistake being made automatically. 2. We know our dean having worked on the problem of environment since 2003. 3. We found out some data having been changed in accordance with the program. 4. I saw some students waiting for the exam results near the dean’s office. 5. The Professor knew the students having had some questions before the laboratory work. 6. The head of the computer company heard some students of Radioengineering Department trying to find a part-time job. 7. We know the best students of the university being invited to work abroad. 8. I disliked the results of the test having been announced a week later. 9. The members of the delegation knew some important documents having been signed. 10. I thought my article having been published in the university journal but I was mistaken.

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Absolute Participle I Construction

1. Data being accessed randomly, semiconductor memories are called random access memory (RAM). 2. The information capacity of a single bit being limited to two alternatives, codes are based on combination of bits. 3. Primary storage having similarity to a function of the human brain, the storage is also called memory. 4. Computer system architecture being organized around the primary storage unit, all instructions must pass through it. 5. Electromechanical memories depend upon moving mechanical parts, their data access time being longer than is that of electronic memories. 6. For this reason most computer systems use electronic memory for primary storage, electromechanical memory being used for secondary storage. 7. A new technique having been worked out, the yields rose. 8. The steam engine having been invented 1825, a self-propelled vehicle was built. 9. These data must be taken into account, the effect of interconnections being by no means negligible.

10.Brakes having become more efficient, cars achieved greater reliability.

11.Some new devices having been obtained, the researches could make more complex experiment. 12. It being late, we decided to stop the experiment.

13.The program having been written, the students had to attend some extra lectures. 14. The important decision having been made, the head of the company had to refuse some new ideas. 15. No new information being received, I am asked to cancel the meeting.

Participle II

Functions

1. Data recorded in the form of magnetized dots can be arranged to represent coded patterns of bits. 2. The essential point of this talk is to give a unified treatment of seemingly unrelated data cited above. 3. The evidence presented points to the possible existence of a common mechanism for these changes. 4. A theoretical treatment of the problem concerned keeps in line with the main purpose of this paper. 5. Within the accuracy of the data described these rules are strikingly well satisfied. 6. For want of a better analogy we shall turn to the one given in the earlier paper. 7. The fundamental point of our approach is to use profitably the knowledge gained during the past two years. 8. The time required for the computer to locate and transfer data to and from a storage medium is called the access time. 9. The scientist chooses between several procedures mentioned above. 10. Much of the data collected will be fed into machines and computers during the coming months.

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Complex Object

1. I found my article published in the scientific journal. 2. We don’t want the conference held in the state University. 3. The leading engineer of our company wishes his device exhibited at the exhibition of modern scientific applications. 4. My group-mates feel the last exam been the most difficult. 5. The head of the financial company wants the business meeting taken place in time. 6. Our English teacher noticed one test written by the student from another group. 7. I have heard some prices on computer equipment gone down sufficiently. 8. All the members of the delegation want to have the contract signed. 9. He found his e-mail read by somebody else. 10. The secretary observed some letters corrected and but not sent.

Absolute Participle II Construction

1. The article written, he could take part at the conference. 2. The device tested, we used it to make some important calculations. 3. The questions asked, the students started translating the article without a dictionary. 4. The themes of the course projects given, we went to the library. 5. The choice made, all the other variants were rejected. 6. The equipment installed in the laboratory, the members of the delegation signed the documents. 7. The model reconstructed, we had to change the experiment conditions. 8. The new method discussed, the engineers decided to continue the project later. 9. The difficulties recognized, the authorities of the faculty changed some points of the academic plan. 10. The task properly carried out, they were given a new one. 11. The conference held in Moscow, we discussed a number of important scientific problems at the meeting of our faculty.

GERUND

Functions

1. This warning will keep us from making the same mistake. 2. Some of our failures result from underestimating the importance of theory in research. 3. The best way of approaching this knotty problem is to treat it in terms of the newest data. 4. The problem of introducing this principle in research brings about much difficulty. 5. In his report he emphasized the complexity of producing these materials in sufficient quantities. 6. In his talk he drew our attention to the simplicity of performing such observations. 7. We are having a lot of difficulty in trying to avoid these complications. 8. The procedure of

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awarding scientific degrees has been much criticized lately. 9. The question of financing this work brought about a spirited discussion. 10. I have the honour of being present at a meeting of scientists who have made substantial contributions to the ever developing area of magnetism. 11. The idea of looking for a compromise solution to this problem has been much debated in literature. 12. One should avoid giving too general definitions of these phenomena. 13. Lack of active contacts among scientists results in duplicating some investigations. 14. This approach consists in practicing sentence structures. 15. I think you should keep on practicing the exercises at home. 16. Excuse my being late in answering your letter. 17. I can see that you have made good progress in studying this problem. 18. I look forward to seeing you at the conference next year. 19. New technical developments have occurred for processing educational data and for organizing instructional material in the classroom.

Gerund Construction

1. They insisted on my staying here till tomorrow. 2. My Physics teacher insisted on my passing the exam together with other students. 3. I feel satisfied of our having taken part in the main scientific contest of the year. 4. We have known of his having won the President Grant. 5. He approved of my writing a description of the experiment results. 6. Everybody has heard of Professor Smith’s retiring. 7. The dean of the faculty didn’t mind the competition with the other faculties being announced. 8. Nobody knew of his moving to another country. 9. There is no possibility of his entering the university next year. 10. I know of his having been offered the post of the director of the big financial company. 11. All the students insisted on the results of the test being commented.

INFINITIVE

Functions

1. Lasers to be placed on Earth satellites will transform solar radiation into laser beams. 2. To design, construct and operate a laser system is a great technological achievement. 3. To illustrate the use of the technique described in this article two examples are now presented. 4. The instruction is loaded from memory and then decoded to provide the control signals necessary for the processor to execute the instruction. 5. The apparatus to be assembled is very complicated. 6. He asked the student to define the unit of resistance more accurately. 7. Equipment must be analyzed to determine the kinds of

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equipment needed and how the data processing functions will be mechanized. 8. The system should be designed to meet information requirements. 9. The problem to be investigated is set up from the electronic analogue computer model. 10. A linear differential equation results from the assumptions to be made. 11. The literature to be reviewed in connection with this problem should primarily be concerned with theoretical treatments of the electron transfer phenomena. 12. The difficulties to be resolved in the first place concern the theoretical aspects of the experiments to be carried out. 13. The attempts to explain the deviation of the experimental findings from calculations to be found in current literature have been inadequate. 14. For lack of time many of the important contributions to be considered in this connection will only be mentioned in passing. 15. The best experimental evidence for the correlation to be considered later in more detail comes from the recent work by Hiller and his collaborators. 16. The data to be reported here point to the possibility of a feedback mechanism, but this is to be checked. 17. A committee headed by Professor Bright began to work out a resolution to be presented to the conference.

Complex Subject

1. A computer centre is expected to be installed at the University next year. 2. Improvements in decision making are expected to result from new development in data processing and management science. 3. Business application of computers may not appear to be as difficult as scientific problems, although some people consider them to be more intricate. 4. More limitations are likely to exist on the freedom to change the input and output, that on the freedom to modify processing methods. 5. We expect a computer to work for at least several hours without a fault. 6. A machine which carried out its internal arithmetic in binary notation is likely to be especially suitable for scientific and mathematical applications.7. The result of a computation is said to involve error if the result differs by only a small percentage from the solution. 8. This idea has recently been reported to contradict experimental findings. 9. These experiments are likely to throw some light on this complicated problem. 10. Some time ago these phenomena were found to be intimately related to solar activity. 11. This idea has recently been reported to contradict experimental findings. 12. This hypothesis has been found to disagree with experimental evidence. 13. The relativity theory appeared to be a turning point in physical thinking. 14. Lasers have proved to be indispensable in many fields of research. 15. Electronic equipment is likely to find an over growing applications.

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Complex Object

1. I noticed some mistakes in my test to be not corrected. 2. The monitor of our group instructed us to attend all the lectures this week. 3. All of us hope our Chemistry teacher to give some extra lectures before the exam. 4. I know her to speak English fluently. 5. We didn’t want anybody to stop the experiment. 6. Everybody noticed him to be proud of the results received. 7. The students of our faculty know Professor White to be a very experienced and talented teacher. 8. The authorities of the company expect the contract to be signed immediately. 9. He didn’t hope his parents to give him some money for the second higher education. 10. I heard his name to be mentioned among the members of the students’ research team. 11. I noticed the text to be difficult, so I had to use a dictionary. 12. His friends knew him to have come just back from England. 13. Nobody noticed her to have left the classroom. 14. We heard her to be good at German, so we asked her to help with the translation.

Infinitive Construction with for

1. For such data to find application in further work their validity must be left in no doubt. 2. For this effect to manifest itself the following conditions should be created. 3. For the long-term experiments to be realizable various aspects of the problem must be taken into account. 4. For such a study to be of any scientific value the researcher must have acquaintance with several adjacent fields. 5. For such a modification to be justifiable the resulting conditions must have several advantages over the present situation. 6. For such an approach to be justified the final result must have a much degree of accuracy. 7. For the pupils to understand the function of the mouse in computer operation was not difficult . 8. For such suggestions to be of practical use they must be based on observation and experience. 9. For this method to become applicable to our experiment the following alterations should be made.

COMPLEX SENTENCES

Subject Clauses

1. That the lawyer’s advice is necessary persuaded me to find a good lawyer. 2. Who of the third-year students will take part in research project depends on the dean’s choice. 3. Where to stay while traveling on business is usually very important. 4. What he has done doesn’t clear the matter.

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