Answer the questions:

1. In what effects does the sun’s energy manifest itself? 2. Men have tried to use solar energy since earliest times, haven’t they? 3. When does the surface become warmer than the surrounding air? 4. What does the surface temperature depend upon? 5. What is the angle effect caused by? 6. What is the most effective way to minimize the loss of energy from the sun heated surface? 7. What is the simplest collector of solar energy? 8. What can water heating be achieved by? 9. When will both nuclear and solar power move forward rapidly? 10. Is solar radiation an immense and inexhaustible source of energy our world possesses? 11. How does mankind produce energy at present? 12. What is needed to learn how to use solar energy cheaply and effectively? 13. What can solar energy be used for? 14. Is the earth’s fuel an inexhaustible source of energy?

Exercises

І. Translate the following words paying attention to the suffixes:

thermal, useful, evaporation, probably, absorptivity, intensity, horizontal, distillation, collector, arrangement, concentrator, boiler, physicists, relatively, inexhaustible, cheaply, effectively.

ІІ. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to the translation of the suffix-able:

1.The sun’s energy is valuable because of its thermal, photo-electric and photo-chemical effects.

2.The air space between the surface and the glass is a reliable prevention of heat loss by convection.

3.Until that time solar units will probably continue to be relatively small and applicable only to special purposes such as irrigation and power production in isolated locations.

ІІІ. Translate these words paying attention to negative prefixes:

Ineffective, ineffectively, inexhaustible, unprocessed, unproductive, unimportant, incapable, illogical, irrational, non-conducting, discharge, underestimate.

ІV. Form words after the models and translate them:

1.-ment: to measure – measurement

to move; to require; to achieve; to develop; to improve; to equip.

2.-tion: to invent – invention

to produce; to compress; to evaporate; to prevent; to distillate; to concentrate.

3.-ly: bad – badly

usual, steady, probable, cheap, effective, relative, simple, experimental,

general, common, rapid.

V. Translate the following word-combinations:

useful power; hot-air engine, crude devices, thermal solar processes, surrounding air, the sun’s rays, angle effect, to minimize the loss of energy, glass-like material, flat plate collector, typical arrangements, high-pressure boiler, special purposes, isolated locations, solar radiations, inexhaustible source of energy, large blocks of electric power.

VI. Translate the sentences paying attention to different meanings of the words in bold type:

1. Men have tried to use solar energy since earliest times, but no means existed to generate useful power from the sun’s heat until steam and hot-air engines were invented.2. Photo-electricity has been known for almost a century, and millions of selenium photo-cells have been used as light-meters and in similar application. 3. They used the most effective way to minimize the loss of energy from the sun heated surface.4. Crude devices for heating water by solar energy date back many years. 5. Our houses can be heated by solar energy cheaply and effectively. 6. They heated a flat plate of blackened metal.

VII. Translate the following international words:

photo-electric, energy, selenium, fundamental, temperature, factor, absorptivity, effect, perpendicular, maximum, horizontal, radiation, minimum, effective, material, potential, special, irrigation.

VIII. Fill in the blanks with the words given below:

Inexhaustible, radiation, loss, heaters, scarce.

1. The time will come when this energy will be ____ and hence expensive.

2. Solar radiation is an immense and ____ source of energy our world possesses. 3. Water heating can be achieved by portable solar ____ .4.The air space between the surface and the glass is an effective prevention of heat ____ by convection.5. ____intensity drops off and reaches its minimum.

IX. Make up sentences using the worlds given below:

1.Applications, of, here, some, are, potential, the, actual, and. 2. Can, once, ways, of, variety, a, be, used, in, collected, heat. 3. The, another, distillation, process, of, to be, sea, accomplished, water, by, of, variations, plate, flat, collector, the, simple, is. 4. Lines, in straight, travel, rays, the, sun’s, that, fact, the, caused, by, is, effect, angle, the.

X. Make up pairs of the following words and translate them into Ukrainian:

1. photo-electric a) water

2) solar b) source

3) straight c) lines

4) heated d) energy

5) effective e) heating

6) space f) cycles

7) boiling g)purposes

8) domestic h) locations

9) typical i) power

10) thermal j) prevention

11) special k) refrigeration

12) isolated l) surface

13) inexhaustible m) effects

14) fresh n) arrangements

XI. Chose the right word combinations to finish the following sentences:

straight lines, in a variety of ways, the potential and actual applications at its maximum, heat loss by convection, an immense and inexhaustible source.

1) When a surface is perpendicular to the rays, their intensity is ____. 2) Once collected, heat can be used ____. 3) The angle effect is caused by the fact that the sun’s rays travel in ____. 4) The air space between the surface and the glass is an effective prevention of ____. 5) Here are some of ____. 6) Solar radiation is ____.

XII. Make up questions to the following answers:

1. The sun’s energy manifests itself as thermal, photo-electric and photo-chemical effects. 2. Production of salt by solar-evaporation of sea water is probably the most ancient of man’s sun-activated processes. 3. The angle effect is caused by the fact that the sun’s rays travel in straight lines. 4. The air space between the surface and the glass is an effective prevention of heat loss by convection. 5. Water heating can be achieved by portable solar heaters. 6. Solar radiation is an immense and inexhaustible source of energy our world possesses.