8. State the functions of the verb to have in the following sentences. Translate them:

1. They have already passed the examination in electrical engineer­ing. 2. Automated systems have a number of advantages. 4. Gamma rays have no electric charge. 5. Cosmic television has a great future. 6. He had to work hard to complete his investigation in time. 7. The engineer will have to improve the accuracy of this machine-tool. 8. A new method has been used in order to investigate this problem. 9. I have to do this work now. 10. We had to repeat the experiment. 11. Our planet has powerful sources of energy. 12. You will have to go to the library to get this book. 13. I had to leave early because I wasn't feeling well. 14. We've got a new teacher. 15. She has a lot of character and energy. 16. Yesterday I had a bad headache. 17. She will have many new sub­jects next term. 18. The scientist had to stop the experiment. 19. Besides literature, we have to study history and philosophy. 20. The electron has almost the same mass as the proton.

IV. Sequence of Tenses

1. Translate the sentences paying attention to the sequence of tenses:

1. He wanted to know what powerful radio stations were being built in our region. 2. The students asked how the strength of the radio wave had been measured. 3. The engineer said they would carry out an experiment with the new transistor device. 4. The reporter asked if the scientific group was working out the design of this new installation. 5. They wished to know what these radio-electronic systems would ensure. 6. I told him that I would let him know the date of the conference. 7. The newspaper wrote that in the modern world people could not imagine their life without radio and television. 8. The teacher said we might complete our drawings next week. 9. The lecturer said that television played an important role in our life. 10. The engineer informed that all the equipment was functioning normally. 11. The chief engineer said that the reconstruction of the plant would begin next year. 12. I was asked whether I could take part in the research work. 13. The students were told that they didn't need to translate the text. 14. We asked if we should have a lecture on electronics next week.

2. Change the sentences from direct into reported speech. Mind the rule of sequence of tenses:

Example: She said, "I am going to the theatre with my brother."

She said that she was going to the theatre with her brother.

1. She said, "I'll be ready in a few minutes." 2. He said to me, "My sister has not finished her homework yet."3. My brother said, "These photographs are not very good." 4. Her friend said, "This letter is full of interesting news. It reached me two days ago." 5. She asked, "Has it been raining all day?’’ 6. The librarian asked, "Have the books come? ‘’ 7. She said to me, "I have never been to Paris." 8. The scientist said "I'll work at my thesis next year." 9. He said. "I am studying English at the University." 10. The professor said to the students, "The next lecture will be on linear motion." 12. She asked the student, "Can you translate this article?’’13. The teacher said to us, "Don't look up the words in a dictionary when you translate such an easy text." 14. In 1905 Albert Einstein declared "Matter can be converted into energy.”

3. Compare the pairs of sentences paying special attention to the tense form of a predicate in the main clause and sub clause.

1.It is interesting to mention that at least a hundred organic compounds are added every day. It was mentioned in the report that more than 3, 000, 000 organic compounds were already known.

2. Everybody knows that television is developing swiftly in our country. We heard that the new television station was being equipped with the most modern transistor devices.

3. It is stated in the newspaper that in recent years scientists have been looking for new means of generating electricity. The numerous experiments made showed that scientists had succeeded in developing more effective processes of producing electricity directly from fuel.

4. It is stressed in the article that spaceship engineers will make use of polymers that can withstand high temperatures and cosmic radiation. The methods developed and the results obtained proved that there would be large but light ships made of plastics in future.

4. Translate the sentences paying particular attention to the modal verbs and their equivalents in the sub clauses.

1. The newspaper wrote that in the modern world people could not imagine their life without radio and television. 2. The teacher said that we might complete our drawings the next week. 3. Like all true scientists Einstein knew that he had to be patient in his researches. 4. It was decided that every student was to carry out such an experiment.

1. Mendeleyev predicted that there must exist a few unknown elements with quite definite properties. 2. It was said at the conference that care should be taken to obtain a sufficient amount of light in buildings where men are at work. 3. The chief engineer explained to the students that they always ought to know the properties of materials.