IX. Make up questions to the following answers:

1. They consist of six essential components: a transmitter, a receiver, an antenna system, an indicator, a timer and a power supply.

2. A radar set detects objects, their direction, range and recognizes their character.

3. A radar set sends out short powerful pulses of ultra-high frequency radio wave energy.

4. The electron beam on the fluorescent screen resembles a hand sweeping across the face of a clock.

5. It times the transmitter pulse and the indicator.

6. The radio waves travel at the constant velocity of light.

7. The accuracy, with which time is measured, determines the accuracy of the range.

8. Both azimuth and elevation can be determined by means of the directional antenna.

9. With the help of a radar set we can get a three-dimensional location of an object.

X. Translate the sentences paying attention to different meanings of “as”:

1. As ordinary radars cannot detect very small objects microwave radars are used for the purpose.

2. The possibility of using microwave radars as an aid to meteorological forecasting was recognized long ago.

3. As the radar transmitter sends out ultra-high frequency radio wave energy in short powerful pulses, the directional antenna takes this energy and concentrates it into a beam.

4. As soon as the beam strikes an object, a portion of its energy is reflected back.

5. The electron beam sweeps across the fluorescent screen just as a hand of a clock sweeps across its face.

6. As to the weather, it is known that it greatly affects the direction ranges of radar sets.

XI. Translate the following word combinations:

ultra-high frequency radio wave energy; ground controlled radar; low frequency signalling current; straight-line wave length, long distance radio station; load carrying capacity; hand control system; daily current consumption.

XII. Translate the following words paying attention to the meaning of the prefix “pre-”:

predetermined, presupposed, prefabricated, pre-established, pre-war, prehistorical, prerevolutionary.

Text 6 b radar guides harbour traffic

Give a summary of the text.

A number of world’s largest ports have already installed radar systems in their harbours. Radars survey ship traffic in fog and bad weather. They are designed not only to assist ships entering and leaving the harbour during poor visibility, but also to provide continuous observation of shipping and give immediate information on the location of ships in the harbour.

From a radio control room having the necessary transmitting appliance of ship-to-shore communication, with a radar unit set at a certain range, the operator can observe the harbour and give necessary orders immediately to ships.

Text 6 c radio waves

Read the text. Find out the main information of the text.

During the last few decades, a subtle change has occurred which none of our senses can register. Radio waves, bearing messages in many tongues, flow ceaselessly around us, through us and above us. We can only hear and see them if we convert them to other waves to which our ears and eyes are receptive.

Radio waves are the longest members of the family of electromagnetic waves. In the spectrum, in which the waves are arranged in order of increasing wavelength, they lie beyond the infrared waves. Their wavelengths range from about three hundredths of a centimetre to about 300 kilometers. Radio broadcasts today are made by two different methods known as AM (amplitude modulation) and FM (frequency modulation). The frequencies of the waves used are expressed in kilocycles or megacycles. The vibrating current is fed into an antenna from which the radio waves are broadcast into space.

Microwaves are the smallest radio waves. In the spectrum of electromagnetic waves they lie between infrared rays and the long radio waves. The shortest microwaves have a wavelength of about three hundredths of a centimetre and a frequency of one million megacycles. The longest microwaves have a wavelength of about three metres and a frequency of one hundred megacycles.

The first microwaves made by man were the two-foot waves produced by Heinrich Hertz. It is interesting that they were the last to be put to a practical use. Long waves were easier to produce and send out over long distances. Scientists had to return to the use of short waves in order to solve a problem that came up during World War II. The problem was “How can you detect an approaching enemy plane while it is still far away?” A possible answer to the problem was to send a beam of radio waves. Long radio waves could not be used for this purpose because they fan out too quickly from the broadcasting antenna. Very short waves were necessary to make the radar system work. So new transmitters and receivers were designed to make and use microwaves.

Notes

1. none of our senses – жодне з наших почуттів;

2. bearing messages in many tongues – які передають повідомлення на багатьох мовах;

3. in order of increasing wavelength – у порядку зростання довжини хвилі;

4. in order to solve a problem – щоб вирішити проблему;

I. Find answers to the following questions:

1. Can we hear and see radio waves? 2. What place do radio waves occupy in the spectrum of electromagnetic waves? 3. Who produced the first microwaves? 4. Were the microwaves the first to be put to a practical use? 5. What kind of problem came up during World War II?

II.Speak about the characteristics of radio waves and microwaves.

Unit 7

Grammar:

1. Sequence of Tenses.

2. Imperative Mood.

3. Quantifiers (some, any, no, much, many, little, a little, few, a few) and their equivalents.