V. Translate the sentences. Mind the difference in the meanings of the verbs “to effect” and “to affect”:

1. The decrease of density of the air affects the power of the engine.

2. Some mechanism is needed to inject the propellant into combustion chamber, and this is effected by the pressurization of the propellant tanks.

3. The intensity of the cosmic ray radiation is greatly affected by solar activity.

4. Protons, being positively charged particles, can be affected by electric as well as magnetic fields.

5. Radioisotope thermionic systems are unaffected by space radiation.

VI. Translate the sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:

Example:

Thereafter – після цього

therefrom – з цього

1. The high-velocity jet from a jet engine may be considered as a continuous recoil imparting force against the airplane in which the engine is installed, thereby producing thrust.

2. Scientists had to put forward various hypothesis to account for the movements of planets therewith.

3. A molecule is a complicated structure with atoms and electrons therein.

4. When the primary cosmic rays strike the air surrounding the earth, they collide with oxygen and nitrogen molecules in their paths, showers of secondary particles being produced thereafter.

5. We can study only a very small class of meteor orbits, and to draw therefrom conclusions about the whole assemblage of meteoric bodies in the solar system.

VII. Translate the sentences paying attention to the meanings of the adjective “apparent”.

1. In recent years the value of infra-red analytical methods has become apparent to industry.

2. If energy changes are followed backward in the past, it becomes apparent that almost all the energy available to us has come ultimately from a single source ­– the Sun.

3. Centrifugal force is only an apparent force, which arises because of the tendency of moving objects to travel in straight lines.

4. Apparent movements of the planets are explained as combinations of their actual motions around the Sun and our shift of position as the Earth moves.

VIII. Translate the sentences paying attention to the words of the same root:

1. On the occasions when the Moon passes directly before or behind the Earth, an eclipse occurs.

2. Today a motor-car engine will run thousand of miles without needing any attention to the engine apart from occasional oiling.

3. That water exists on Mars is indicated by the white polar caps and by occasional clouds, but its amount is very small.

4. Most comets are visible only telescopically, but occasionally one becomes visible to the unaided eye.

IX. Translate the sentences paying attention to the meanings of the preposition “by”:

1. If the thrust generated by the jet engine is independent of the forward speed of the aircraft, we could convert the thrust to horsepower by multiplying the airspeed in miles per hour by the thrust and dividing the resultant product by 375.

2. By 1914 the existence of radioactivity and the fact that atoms of one kind of element could change into another by emission of alpha or beta rays was well known.

3. By Newton’s Second Law of motion, the product of a mass multiplied by its acceleration is equal to the unbalanced force causing the acceleration.