12. Translate the following sentences with the Complex Subject:

1. The Sun is known to have a 11-year cycle of activity.

2. 2. The proton is found to be 1840 times heavier than the electron.

3. The speed of light in vacuum is one of the fundamental physical constants and has been found to be very close to 3.00 x 10¹⁰ centimetres per second.

4. Sputnik II is reported to have weighed about 1120 pounds.

5. The Sun of a certain galaxy is said to have a diameter more than 16 times the distance from the Sun to the Earth.

6. The first Earth’s satellites were expected to stay on their orbits for a month or two.

7. Heat was thought to be a material substance.

8. The atmosphere of Saturn is believed to be about 16.000 miles deep.

9. Billions of stars are assumed to exist in the universe.

10. Some of the meteors are supposed to have formed when comets that passed near the Earth broke up.

11. The surface temperature of Mars seems to range from 30 C down to – 60 C.

12. The circle where earth and the sky seem to meet is the horizon.

13. Our galaxy proved to be a spiral system.

14. When a planet has been proved to have an atmosphere, we naturally wish to find out as much as possible about the composition of the atmosphere.

15. Stars appear to be made of the elements that have been found in our Sun.

16. In contrast to the Moon and the Earth, Mars appears to have a relatively smooth surface.

17. The neutron was shown to be a magnet by simple experiments.

18. In physics the words nucleus and nuclei refer to the positively charged bodies which were shown by Rutherford to exist at the centre of the atoms of all substances.

19. The ratio of charge to mass, e/m, for alpha particles was found by magnetic deflection measurements to be about half that for a proton.

20. The electric rocket is likely to remain a low-thrust device.

21. The rocket is unlikely to generate a velocity much greater than twice its exhaust velocity.

22. This method does not appear to offer any advantages for it depends on the production of materials with higher strength to weight ratios.

23. Although the neutron may seem to be a simple particle, having no electric charge but a small magnetic field, in modern theories the neutron is thought of as a complicated structure indeed.

24. In the millimeter wave region, the maser may eventually prove to be the best coherent detector.

25. Satellites in general move in elliptical orbits and they may be considered to have acceleration directed both towards the centre of the earth and in a perpendicular direction.

26. The rocket may be said to work on the reaction principle.

27. It does not seem to be possible at present to discuss a close correlation between the sunspot, number and magnetic activity.

13. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the use of the Complex Object.

1. We consider the invention of the transistor to be of great importance for the development of semiconductor electronics.

2. We know the second element of the simple two-element tube or diode to be called the anode.

3. This can cause the useful output to be seriously reduced.

4. This feature allows a large total amplification to be obtained with complete stability.

5. The negative resistance of the diodes causes the power in a signal wave to increase as it travels along the wave-guide.

6. The diode permits current to flow in one direction only.

7. We believe new semiconductor devices to be developed in the nearest future.

8. Everybody knows matter to consist of small particles called atoms.

9. For some purposes we can consider electrons to be small, hard particles: for other purposes we consider them to be waves.

10. This arrangement permits the amplification of several stages to be controlled simultaneously.

11. We know the circuit to be a complete path which carries the current from the source of supply to the load and then from the load back to the source.

12. We may expect a short circuit to result from wire fault.

13. Ampere supposed the current to flow from the positive pole of the source round the circuit and back again to the negative pole.

14. We consider Ampere to be right in the first statement and to be wrong in the second.

15. They noticed the thermometer mercury fall to the fixed point.

16. We know the electron to be a minute particle having an electric charge.

17. Suppose a large number of electrons to be concentrated on a very small area of a body.