12. Psychoanalysis was founded during the late 1800's and early 1900's by the Austrian doctor Sigmund Freud. F) _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Notes: 1) физиолог; 2) физик; 3) ощущение; 4) структурализм; 5) самоанализ; 6) бихевиоризм; 7) внутренний; 8) воспринимать, ощущать; 9) реакция, ответ.

Comprehension check

Ex. 1. Read the text. Decide which sentence goes in each of the numbered gaps in the text:

1. In this technique, subjects were trained to observe and report as accurately as they could their mental processes, feelings, and experiences.

2. In a famous study, Pavlov rang a bell each time he gave a dog some food.

3. The familiar saying, '' the whole is greater than the sum of its parts '' expresses an important principle of the Gestalt movement.

4. Psychoanalysis was based on the theory that behaviour is determined by powerful inner forces, most of which are buried in the unconscious mind.

5. Their work showed that the physical processes underlying mental activity could be studied scientifically.

6. A similar laboratory was established in Germany in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt.

Ex. 2. Translate paragraph 1, 2 in writing.

Ex. 3. Read the text again and choose the correct alternative for each of the following questions:

1. When did two German scientists-Johannes P.Muller and Hermann L. von Helmholtz begin the first systematic studies of sensation and perception?

   1. in the 20^th century;

   2. at the end of the 19^th century;

   3. in the mid-1800's.

2. Whose work marked the beginning of psychology as a distinct field separate from philosophy?

   1. the work of Freud;

   2. the work of James and Wundt;

   3. the work of Pavlov.

3. Who used a method of research called introspection?

   1. the structuralists;

   2. the behaviourists;

   3. the biologists.

4. What is called conditioning?

1. the process by which good conditions for dogs are created;

2. the process by which an individual's environment is controlling;

3. the learning process by which a response becomes associated with a new stimulus.

5. Where did Wertheimer and two colleagues take the Gestalt movement during the 1930's?

4. to the United States;

5. to England;

6. to Japan.

Ex. 4. Put 8-10 questions on the text so that they cover its content.

Text 3. Communication in relationships

1. Communication¹ is important in all kinds of relationships. Different relationships require different levels of communication. Try to strengthen your relationships with communicative skills. Think about the conversations you have had today. You may have had some casual² conversations with persons you do not know well. You may have discussed something very important with your parents or a close friend. Your conversations most likely differed in their depth³ and intensity⁴. The closer the relationship, the more you shared. Self-disclosure⁵ is the act of making yourself known to others. There are four different levels of self-disclosure used in conversations.

2. Cliche is the use of small talk that is sometimes used to avoid silence. Examples: "How are you?" "Great weather!" There is very little self-disclosure in this kind of conversation. Some people do not want to go beyond this stage. They do not want to reveal⁶ anything about themselves.

3. When you report facts or gossip⁷, you talk about what someone else has said or done. Examples: "Mary's mother will not let her drive until she improves her grades." "I heard that John went to Florida." If you do not offer any personal comments, there is no genuine⁸ self-disclosure.

4. You begin to disclose or share some of your ideas, judgments⁹, and decisions. Examples: "I am not voting for anyone for class president." "I don't want to continue my friendship with Alicia." If you do not feel that your ideas, judgments, and decisions are accepted, you probably will stop sharing your ideas.

5. When you are comfortable in a relationship, you may express the feelings behind your ideas, judgments, and decisions. Examples: "I am embarrassed when I have to speak in front of the class." "When you are late, I become angry because I feel taken for granted." Usually to have this level of communication, the person with whom you are relating must also be comfortable sharing feelings with you. This is the highest level of self-disclosure.

6. Communication at the highest level involves some risk. Some of your ideas and decisions may be rejected. However, the benefits are more rewarding than the risks. Communicating at this level promotes optimum health in several ways. One of these has to do with the possible prevention¹⁰ of psychosomatic¹¹ diseases¹² and disorders¹³. When you keep feelings bottled up inside you, you can develop such problems as headaches¹⁴, ulcers¹⁵, or stomachaches¹⁶. When you are able to express feelings in your relationships, you are healthier and your relationships are healthier. You are closer to others because you are sharing on a more intimate level.

Notes: 1) общение; 2) случайный; 3) глубина; 4) сила, яркость; 5) самораскрытие; 6) открывать, показывать; 7) болтовня, слухи; 8) подлинный, настоящий; 9) мнения; 10) предотвращение, предупреждение; 11) психосоматический; 12) болезни; 13) расстройство; 14) головные боли; 15) язвы; 16) боли в животе.