25. 1) Look at the picture and read the nearby text.
In trying to keep up with emissions and fuel efficiency laws, the fuel system used in modern cars has changed a lot over the years. The 1990 Subaru Justy was the last car sold in the United States to have a carburettor; the following model year, the Justy had fuel injection. But fuel injection has been around since the 1950s, and electronic fuel injection was used widely on European cars starting around 1980. Now, all cars sold in the United States have fuel injection systems.
2) Look at the following sentences where “cause-and-effect” relationship is used and translate them. Think of some more illustrations of the relationship.
Note: A ‘cause’ is the reason something happens. An ‘effect’ is the result, or the thing that happens.
Cause
We can say:
result
in
a) Emissions and fuel efficiency laws cause fuel system change.
lead to
Effects
Is caused by
b) The end of car production results from trying to keep
occurs as a result of
with emissions and fuel efficiency laws.
and,
as a result
c) Fuel efficiency laws cause fuel system change with the result that
so that
new models of cars with fuel injection appear.
3) Now answer the questions
Why has the fuel system changed?
Why are carburettor cars not popular?
Why do cars in US have fuel injection systems?
Why are emissions harmful?
using the following ideas:
a) as a result of, because of, owing to due to
b) technological progress, harmful emissions, atmospheric air pollution, ecological monitoring, fuel efficiency laws, various diseases.
Follow-up-Activities
26. Look through texts a and b again and make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk on the topics:
1. Four-Stroke Engine Operation.
2. Cooling System.
3. Exhaust System.
4. Lubrication System.
5. Splash System.
UNIT V. POWER TRAIN
B efore you start: Think it over. Agree – Disagree
“The miracle is not to fly in the air, or to walk on the water; but to walk on the earth.”
Chinese Proverb
“Truth is always strange, stranger than fiction.”
George Gordon Lord Byron (1788 – 1824), English
poet
Reading, Vocabulary & Creative Practice
1. Words to be remembered (Texts: a, b).
transmission make up clutch drive shaft differential traction eliminate hump legroom rough country flick lever uncouple gearbox shifting gear fluid coupling moderate dead stop |
turning speed gearshift fork engage alter converter gear transmission planetary axle joint roll over irregularity sliding flexible alloy steel vibration whip bearing |
bulge rear axle housing curve solid axle aid turning corner pavement spin slippery mud stationary slip differential still under portion spring shock absorber brake steering |