11. Match the words with the synonyms.

1) essential	5) reliable	a) aim	e) better
2) efficient	6) spacious	b) decrease	f) commodious
3) improve	7) purpose	c) effectual	g) vital
4) luxurious	8) reduce	d) dependable	h) sumptuous

12. Match the words with the antonyms.

1) essential	5) reliable	a) worsen	e) nonessential
2) efficient	6) spacious	b) plain	f) unreliable
3) improve	7) purposeful	c) inefficient	g) meaningless
4) luxurious	8) reduce	d) increase	h) small

13. Fill in the correct prepositions.

1. Engineer is concerned ___ the design of a solution to a problem.

2. The words “engine” and “engineer” take their origin ___ the Latin root.

3. Engineers look ___ better ways to use existing resources.

4. Engineers may be recognized ___ the Iron ring.

5. The first four-stroke-engine was demonstrated ___Nikolaus Otto in 1876.

6. The origin ___ the automobile can be traced ___Europe.

7. Engineers from Germany made a series of studies ___ the four-stroke cycle.

8 The Volga was built ___ the Gorky Auto Plant ___ the river Volga.

9. Researchers worked ___ alternatives ___ the gasoline engines.

14. Translate the following combinations of noun groups and colloquial expressions. Compose your own sentences or copy out suitable ones from the texts above using the words.

a) automobile history, optimum conversion, key driver, machine tools, motor vehicle, iron ring, automobile development, diesel engine, assembly line;

b) in other words, be concerned with, take one’s origin from, look for, do research, occasionally, by trial and error, in the meantime, be traced to, to be bound up with.

e.g. 1. Diesel engine has the benefit of running on cheaper fuels.

e.g. 2. In other words, they established their present success by the trial and error method, etc.

Additional Activities

15. A) Study the text “Engineering in a Social Context”. Choose the key words or sentences concerning engineering.

Engineering in a Social Context

Engineering is a subject that ranges from large collaborations to small individual projects. Almost all engineering projects are beholden to some sort of financing agency: a company, a set of investors, or a government. The few types of engineering that are minimally constrained by such issues are pro bono engineering and open design engineering. By its very nature engineering is bound up with society and human behaviour. Every product or construction used by modern society will have been influenced by engineering design. Engineer’s design is a very powerful tool to make changes to environment, society and economies, and its application brings with it a great responsibility, as represented by many of the engineering institutions codes of practice and ethics. Engineering is a key driver of human development.

Note:

Pro bono engineering – во благо инженерного искусства;

Open design engineering – открытое проектирование и конструирование.

b) Summarize texts A and “Engineering in a Social Context”.