Summarizing Аннотирование и реферирование текста
Аннотация – это краткое, обобщенное описание текста книги, статьи и отвечает на вопрос «О чем говорится в первичном документе?».
Перед текстом аннотации даются выходные данные (автор, название, место и время издания) в номинативной форме.
Язык аннотации должен быть лаконичным, точным. Рекомендуется использовать простые предложения, употреблять глаголы в настоящем времени в действительном и страдательном залоге, избегать употребления модальных глаголов. Для связности изложения используются следующие выражения типа:
This article deals with ... The article describes ... The article touches upon …
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Recommendations are given ... Much attention is given to ... … is described (in detail) ... ... is analyzed ... ... is mentioned ... ... is considered ... ... is introduced ... ... is discussed ... и др. |
Сравните две схемы:
Английский язык
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 (= 0) |
adverbial modifier of place |
subject (subject group) |
predicate in the passive voice |
adverbial modifier of place |
In the article (paper, report, etc.) |
a thorough investigation of the issue |
is given (discussed, presented, etc). |
in the article (paper, report, etc.) |
Русский язык
0 |
1 |
2 |
обстоятельство места |
сказуемое |
подлежащее (или группа подлежащих) |
В статье (докладе и т.д.) |
приводится, обсуждается, представлено и т.д.) |
детальное исследование проблемы |
Нулевая позиция в обеих схемах может быть вакантной, но взаимосвязь между подлежащим и сказуемым (позиции 1 и 2 и позиции 2 и 1 в английском и русском языках соответственно) остается неизменной.
В английском предложении обстоятельство места (adverbial modifier of place) может занимать позицию 3.
Реферат – это композиционно организованное, обобщенное изложение содержания источника информации (статьи, ряда статей, монографии и др.) и отвечает на вопрос «Какая основная информация содержится в реферируемом документе?».
Реферат состоит из трех частей: общая характеристика текста (выходные данные, формулировка темы); описание основного содержания; выводы референта.
Список выражений, рекомендуемых для написания реферата
The text is headlined …
The title of the text under consideration is …
The author of the text is …
The text is written by …
The main idea of the text is …
The text is devoted to …
The text gives information about …
The text under consideration is about …
The text deals with …
The subject of the text is …
At the beginning of the text the author
dwells on …
explains …
mentions …
points out …
touches upon …
introduces …
comments on …
reports about …
The text begins with
mentioning …
a comment on …
the description of …
Then (after that; further on; next) the author
passes to …
goes on to say about …
gives (names, explains, etc.) …
At the end of the text the author sums up by saying …
In conclusion the author …
The text ends with …
Part IV
What Makes a Good Presentation?
Without exception, all good presenters have one thing in common, both for their subject and for the business of presenting it. Enthusiasm is infectious. Audiences can’t help but be affected by it. And the best public speakers always make what they say sound as if it really matters. They know that if it matters to them, it will matter to their audience.
Many things contribute to the success of presentation – new and unusual content, a clear structure, a good sense of timing, imaginative use of visual aids, the ability to make people laugh… and think. But above all of these is enthusiasm. What kind of language and what kind of techniques will best show your enthusiasm for your subject?
How to Become a Good Presenter?
1. Leave Nothing to Chance
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Check everything before you are due to speak – room, seating, visibility, acoustics and equipment |
2. Know Exactly How to Start
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Plan the first minute of your presentation down to the last detail. Try to memorize your opening words. This will help you to sound confident and in control |
3. Get Straight to The Point
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Don’t waste time on long boring introductions. Try to make at least one powerful statement in the first two minutes |
4. Talk to Your Audience
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Many of the best presentations sound more like conversations. So, keep referring back to your audience, ask them questions, respond to their reactions |
5. Know What Works
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Certain things are always popular with an audience: personal experiences, stories with a message, dramatic comparisons, amazing facts they didn’t know. Use them to the full |
6. Be Concise
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Keep your sentences short and simple. Use deliberate pauses to punctuate your speech |
7. Speak Naturally
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Don’t be afraid to hesitate when you speak, but make sure you pause in the right places. Remember, you are not an actor trying to remember lines |
8. Know Your Audience
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Speak for your audience, not yourself. Take opportunity to show how much common ground you share with them. Address their goals, their needs, their concerns |
9. Treat Your Audience As Equals
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Never talk down (or up) to your audience. Treat them as equals, no matter who they are |
10. Be Yourself
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As far as possible, speak to five hundred people in much the same way you would speak to five. You will obviously need to project yourself more, but your pesonalty shouldn’t change |
11. Take Your Time
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Whenever you make a really important point, pause and let the full significance of what you have said sink in…before move on |
12. Don’t Make A Special Effort To Be Funny
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If you make a joke, don’t stop and wait for laughs. Keep going and let the laughter (if comes) interrupt you |
13. Let Your Visuals Speak For Themselves
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Good visuals are just that – visual. Don’t put boring tables of figures and long lines of text on the overhead and read them out. Stick to the main points. Experiment with three-dimensional charts, cartoons, etc. – anything to catch your audience’s attention |
14. Never Compete With Your Visuals
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When showing a visual, keep quiet and give people time to take it in. Then make brief comments only. Point to the relevant parts of the visual as you spek. If you want to say more, switch off your projector to do so |
15. Develop Your Own Style
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Learn from other public speakers, but don’t try to copy them. Be comfortable with your own abilities. Don’t do anything that feels unnatural for you, just because it works for someone else |
16. Enjoy Experience
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The secret of being an excellent speaker is to enjoy the experience of speaking – try to enjoy the experience! |
17. Welcome Questions From Your Audience
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When members of your audience ask you a question, it is usually because they have a genuine interest in what you are saying and want to know. Treat questions as an opportunity to get your message across better |
18. Finish Strongly
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When you are ready to finish your presentation, slow down, and lower your voice. Look at the audience and deliver your final words slowly and clearly. Pause, let your words hang in the air a moment longer, smile, say “Thank you” and then sit down |