Тренировочные упражнения.

Упражнение 1. Используя словарь определите прямое значение подчеркнутых слов.

1. Art is a vehicle of propaganda. 2. Raise the bonnet of the car. 3. Don't fumble for excuses. 4. He's always ready to shove the responsibility on others. 5. I'm sure he didn't steal the thing. It had been planted 6. This event is a milestone in the history of the country. 7. It will soil his reputation. 8. I'll swelter in this coat on such a hot day. 9. There is a snag in your argument 10. A smile creased his face. 11.1 stumbled through the text somehow. 12. You have a fertile imagination. ,

Упражнение 2. Определите основное и заимствованное значение подчеркнутых слов. Переведите предложения. Является ли лексический или грамматический контекст определяющим в значении слова.

A. 1. Do not suspend the lamp from the ceiling, fix it to the wall. 2. The molecules of the substance remain suspended in the solution. 3. The law was suspended. 5. He was suspended from all international games for three years. 6. The Lords nave the power to suspend non-financial legislation for two years.

B. 1. It's like having a loose cobra around the house. 2. You can get it loose or in packets. 3 To say so would be loose grammar. 4. Have the loose tooth out. 5. That would be rather a loose translation. 6. Fix the loose end to the wall. 7. Your shoe lace got loose. 8. There was some loose change in his pocket but nothing else. 9. He has loose manners.

C. 1. He gets up early. 2. The speaker called for an early settlement of the issue. 3. Do it at the earliest opportunity. 4. He wants an early answer. 5. Only a joint conference will bring about an early solution of the problem. 6. Early training tells. 7. The early bird catches the first worm.

D. 1. The steak is tough. 2. Don't worry, it won't get me down. I'm tough. 3. This is a tough problem. 4. He is for a tough policy. 5. Prof. Holborn is a tough examiner.

Упражнение 3. На каком лингвистическом феномене базируются следующие шутки?

1. Diner: Do you serve fish here? Waiter: We serve anyone, sit down.

2. -It's tough to pay forty cents a pound for meat. -But it's tougher when you pay only twenty.

3. -Allow me to present my wife to you. -Many thanks, but І have one.

4. Hotel keeper: Here are a few views of our hotel for you to take with you, sir.

Guest: Thanks, but I have my own views of your hotel.

Упражнение 4.Объясните значение приставок (префиксов).Объясните значение интернациональных префик­сов и переведите слова.

1, co-author, co-worker, co-operation. 2. antiparticle, antipathy, antidote. 3. decode, degenerate, dehydrate, depopulate. 4. extravagant, extracellular, extraordinary. 5. ex-president, ex-king, exchange, export. 6. prefabricate, predecessor, predestine, prearrange. 7. supernatu­ral, superstructure, superhard. 8. transform, transplant, translocate. 9. ultradense, ultramodern, ultra-short.

Упражнение 5.Переведите предложения, содержащие слова с ин­тернациональными префиксами.

1. The knob should be turned anticlockwise. 2. All the measures must be well co-ordinated. 3. The branch of industry will be decentralized. 4. Ecological problems are extra-territorial, they are, in fact, global. 5. To avoid corrosion the steam must be preheated. 6. The contract brought the company superprofits. 7. The transcontinen­tal flight took them 7 hours. 8. The device operates in ultra-violet light. 9. The commission was headed by the Ex-President. 10. When exposed to sun rays the sub­stance decomposes.

Упражнение 6.Определите, какие значения придают словам пре­фиксы в нижеследующих сочетаниях.

to recharge a battery

to misunderstand the meaning

unexpected results

to misinterpret the idea

irresistable desire

Упражнение7. Переведите предложения.

1. Some waste products after recycling treatment can be reused. 2. The signal came at irregular intervals. 3. Things were left in disorder. 4. You should neither overestimate nor underestimate the phenomenon. 5. The­re is significant interdependence between both events. 6. Producers who make unwanted products or operate inefficiently will incur losses. 7. The device is provided with interchangeable parts. 8. The outdoor noise distrac­ted his attention. 9. In the traffic accident the tram wagon was derailed. 10. The weather has been invariably fine this week.

Упражнение 8.Определите значения, придаваемые суффиксами -er(-or), -able(-ible), -ry.

Образуйте имена существительные от глаголов при помощи суффикса -еr и объясните, какое значение име­ют эти существительные.

drive

eat

sing

roll

cut

receive •

burn

compress

paint

mix

compose invent

found walk,

turn contain

weld run

transmit speak

Упражнение 9.Образуйте прилагательные от глаголов при помо­щи суффикса -able(-ible) и объясните значение этих прилагательных.

wash read exchange. eat

compress convert mix learn

swim

bear

dive

climb breed drive

listen catch hurt

drink

cut

melt

Упражнение 10.Определите корни подчеркнутых слов и новые зна­чения, которые придали им префиксы и суффиксы.

1. A water washable adhesive can be easily removed. 2. Giving an injection you should use a disposable sy­ringe. 3. An express elevator takes you to the 107th floor in a minute and a half. 4. Many New-Yorkers vi­sited the exhibition. 5. The problem has been studied by Dr. Bell and coworkers» 6. You'll have to re-examine the device. 7. The car must be refuelled. 8. The situation is unexplainable. 9. What you say sounds illogical. 10. Special measures have been taken to provide extra-safety of the reactor.

Упражнение 11.Назовите слова, образованные при помощи суффик­сов и объясните их значение.

1. The village is a walkable distance from here. 2. This is a listenable record. 3. The procedure is applicable whether or not the product is pure. 4. The exact distance was immeasurable, 5. The wood was hardly passable. 6. The device isn't workable. 7. The results are quite comparable. 8. The two parts are exchangeable. 9. Heat is convertible into electricity. 10. The inspector required special testing equipment.

Упражнение 12. Назовите основные значения придаваемые суффиксом –ry, и переведите слова на русский язык.

Surgery conservatory granary machinery aviary rocketry circuitry nursery ironmogery .

Упражнение 13 Определите, от какой части речи образовались сле­дующие слова:

a shake-up to register to slow (down)

to quiet to soldier a make-up

to point to pump to face

Упражнение14.Укажите, какие слова образованы путем конвер­сии. Переведите предложения.

1. No toxic fallout has been recorded. 2. It was neces­sary to remoter the vehicle. 3. The light was focused with a lens. 4. It was impossible to doctor the device. 5. It took them an hour to empty the container. 6. The chemical make-up of a star can be determined by the light it emits. 7. He stamped the envelope and went to post the letter. 8. Special training is required to handle the device. 9. They decided to back the minority. 10. You'll benefit a lot if you sign the contract.

Упражнение 15.Определите значение слов, образованных способом словосложения .Догадайтесь о значении сложных слов по их компо­нентам (проверьте догадку по словарю).

buttonhole cart-road hard-boiled

password low-paid pay-list

leftmost

loud-mouth bottle-screw warehouse layer-cake

armour-plate dwelling-house visiting-day spelling-book

backbone

law-breaker

lawmaker

seaplane

off-position

sand-storm racehorse chess-board

milestone

noserag

oilplant

three-phase

tidewater

infant-school

Упражнение 16.Определите, из каких слов способом агглютинации образовались следующие слова и что эти слова озна­чают).

1. alcogas 2. modem 3. autoformer

4. bionic 5. cermet 6. transistor

7. camcoder 8. motel 9. bit

10. duralumin

Упражнение 17.Подберите из правой колонки слова, которые мо­гут с соответствующими словами левой колонки об­разовать новые слова способом словосложения. Пере­ведите слова.

1. life	man	6. flat	garden
2. skate	raft	7. rain	phone
3. sea	soldier	8. dust	link
4,, ear	board	9. nursery	forest
5. space	foot	10. ice	cart

Упражнение 18. Переведите предложения, содержащие термины-ак­ронимы.

1. They'd like to introduce CAPE (Computer Aided Production Engineering). 2. There was a fire in a coal mine. To put the fire out the fire brigade had to resort to a WIFE method (Water Injection — Fume Exhaustion). 3. The operator shall not forget to do the SOS (Scheduled Oil Sampling). 4. The labour efficiency increased greatly due to the EDGE (Electronic Data Gathering Equipment). 5. The investigation was carried out during the NEAR (Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous). 6. OPEC decided to decrease oil export in January (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries). 7. The TOD was fixed at 22.30 (Time of Departure). 8. Their intention was to buy MBAs (Multibeam Antenna). 9. The system has been provided with an ACU (Alarm Control Unit). 10. The installation could supply the factory with 500 BOD (Barrels of Oil per Day).

Упражнение 19.Переведите предложения, содержащие слова с аф­фиксами, а также сложные слова и акронимы.

1. It's common knowledge that liquids are non-com­pressible. 2. The food was nondigestible. 3. He decided to shorten the programme. 4. The substance was quite harmless. 5. They were listening to the story told by a survivor of the terrible earthquake. 6. Don't worry, the disease is curable today. 7. A sad smile appeared invol­untarily on her face. 8. The substance isn't sensitive to X-rays without preliminary treatment. 9. Long-time storage of the drug is unbearable.10. Unfortunately the instability of plasma couldn’t be completely eliminated.

Перевод многофункциональных слов

THAT. Слово that в английском языке может вы­полнять следующие функции:

1. Указательного местоимения.

2. Вводит дополнительное придаточное.

1. Слова-заменителя (заменяет ранее упомянутое существительное) .

2. Союзного слова, вводящего определительное при­даточное.

Запомните сочетания:

Оборот «it is... that. ..(it was... that...)» переводится: «именно. . .(только)» .

Сочетание «now that» переводится « теперь, когда».

That is = id est = i.e. = то есть.

That is why = вот почему.

That is to say = т.е., следовательно, таким образом.

Упражнение20.Определите функцию слова that в следующих пред­ложениях, предложения переведите:

I.It was severe cold that made their life there intolerable. 2. He performed that part of the work. 3.The mixture is identical with that mentioned above. 4. That steel, unlike cast iron, does not expand on solidification is a well-known fact.5.Actually,Pluto'sorbitcrosses that of the giant planet Neptune. 6. All bodies consist of molecules and those of atoms. 7. Show us the wire that must be used here. 8. It was the film that made me so angry. 9. Now that computers began to be widely used analysis is an easy matter

IT. Слово it в английском языке может выпол­нять следующие функции:

1. Личного местоимения,

2. Указательного местоимения.

3. Формального подлежащего в безличном предло­жении.

4. Формального дополнения.

5. Вводного слова. Запомните сочетания: It is likely — вероятно.

It is unlikely — мало вероятно.

It is appropriate — целесообразно, уместно.

It is the case — дело обстоит так, это имеет место.

It is safe to say — можно с уверенностью сказать.

It will be noted - следует отметить.

Упражнение21.Определите функцию слова it в следующих предло­жениях, предложения переведите:

1. Atomic nuclei are, it is believed, made up of two kinds of fundamental particles, photons and neutrons. 2. When a ray of any kind strikes an atom it may knock an electron out of it. 3.1t is unlikely that one brake would solve the problem of bringing the carriage to a halt. 4. I've told them it was your device. 5.It is important that the test be repeated. 6.They find it necessary to study the problem.

ONE. Слово one в английском языке может вы­полнять следующие функции:

1. Числительного.

2. Неопределенно-личного местоимения.

3. Слова-заместителя для замены ранее упомянуто­го существительного.

Упражнение 23.Определите функцию слова one в следующих пред­ложениях, предложения переведите:

1 .You'll find the equation on the last but one page. 2. One thing is certain, if we do nothing, the rubbish won't go away by itself. 3. One never knows what may happen. 4. Two devices are fitted on this container, one on the left side of it and the other on the opposite side. 5.The simplest kind of lever is one in which arms are of equal length, 6. One has to be careful while handling the device.

AS. Слово as в английском языке может выполнять следующие функции:

1. Наречия — значения «как, в качестве».

2. Союза — значения «т.к., ибо, когда, при, в то время как, по мере того как».

Составные союзы и предлоги с as:

As soon as - как только

As though - как если бы

As well a& — так же, так же как

As... as... — так(же).. .как

As far as — до, насколько

As if — как будто

As long as — до тех пор пока

Словосочетания с as:

As it were — так сказать, как бы

As late as — уже, только

As early as — еще

As per — согласно

As affected — под влиянием

As against — по сравнению

As a whole — в целом

As consistent with — в соответствии с

As it is - фактически, действительно

As likely as not — по всей вероятности

As of (as at) — по состоянию на дату

As regards — относительно, что касается

As с последующим глаголом = чтобы

As for, as to с последующим существительным = что касается, в отношении

Упражнение 24.Определите функцию слова as в следующих предло­жениях, предложения переведите:

1. As to the electron beam it is focused.

2. As he walked on he grew more and more tired.

3. The device has been chosen as more economical.

4. I can't go for a walk as I have no time.

5. As the collapse continues an increasing number of photons emitted by the star are recaptured.

6. As to the advantages of this method they leave no doubt.

7.The trouble is that concrete shrinks as it hardens.

Упражнение 25. Даны исконные значения нескольких староанглийских слов. Эти значения отличаются от значения в современном английском варианте. Пользуясь словарем определите какое семантическое изменение произошло в этих словах.

Bird, N- OE brid - nestling, fledgling; camp, N. - OE camp = battle, struggle, contest; deal, V. - OE daelan = share, distribute, take part; deer, N. -OE deor = animal, beast; dwell, V. - OE dwellan - lead astray, deceive, make a mistake; fair, A. - OE fzer = beautiful, pretty, sweet; fear, N. - OE faer -sudden attack, danger; fowl, N. - OE fuzol = bird; lord, N. - OE leaford -master; silly, A. - OE saliz = happy, blessed, holy.

Упражнение 26. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.His face assumed a professional greeter's smile.

2.The restaurant was crowded with diners.

3.Не was always a good dresser and always had money in his pocket.

4.This is getting to be like a big boarding house full of roomers and boarders that I have to cook for and make up beds for.

5.He hardly read any thing at all, and he was not a frequenter of libraries.

6.I imagined she was a very close observer and a good remem­berer too.

7.Clarke was a great believer in luck.

8.He was waiting outside the phone booth. The caller was Ogden Bailly.

В

1. He stood by the curtained window smoking a cigarette.

2. The man watched the hatted and gloved girls go.

3. Her freckled face shone with pleasure.

4. The doctor was already gloved and gowned.

5. Martin opened the door, switched on the light and saw the uniformed figure on the veranda.

6. She was extremely plain, with a mottled, shiny pink complexion.

7. Gloria picked up the framed photo of Moscow.

8. Maria came punctual to the minute dragging her crooked leg up the back stairs.

C.

1. It was a pleasant room, the room of a lovable friendly man.

2. She knew that her feeling was childish but sensible and ex­plainable.

3. Rudolph has got me a television set which makes the long days bearable.

4. The morning was no longer as pleasurable.

5. He is accountable to me for all the money he spends.

6. He placed a companionable hand on the shoulder of each chess-player.

7. None of his small regular features were memorable.

I am sorry I had to leave you in such a questionable company.

Упражнение 27.Прочтите предложения. Подберите соответствующие русские словосочетания для выделенных английских.

1. The summer temperature there does not exceed 20"C in the shade. 2. We have dress materials in several shades of blue. 3. The word has many shades of meaning. 4. She is a shade better today. 5. You are so clever and brilliant that my poor efforts are put into the shade.6. The date of his birth is 15 November, 1975. 7. 1492 is the date of the discovery of America by Co­lumbus. 8. What's the date today? 9. Has the date for the meeting been fixed? 10. Many ruins of Roman date are to be seen in the south of France. 11. Will jeans ever go out of date? 12. I've got a date with a friend of mine. 13. The method applied is up-to-date.14.1 don't know whether he is here or not. 15. He knows a lot of English. 16. Do you know how to play chess? 17. I was introduced to Miss Wood last week, but I've a bad memory for faces and might not know her again. 18. He's already known to the police. 19. They are twins and it's almost impossible to know one from the other. 20. He knew poverty in his early life. 21. She knows a good singing voice when she hears one. 22. I knew about it last week.

Упражнение 28.Прочтите предложения. Подберите соответству­ющие русские традиционные словосочетания для вы­деленных английских.

1. If you don't take care of your teeth you'll stand a good chance of loosing them. 2. The new type of refrigerator prolongs the storage life of food. 3. Market eco­nomies rest upon the principle of individual freedom. 4. In implementing the programme they faced a lot of unexpected problems. 5. Do you have many top stu­dents in your class? 6. A new second-hand clothes store was opened in cur destrict. 7. The nurse gave him an injection of penicillin. 8. Let's knock a hole in the wall. 9. Tom would not lift a finger to solve the problem. 10. When he regained consciousness, he found himself in hospi­tal.11. The arrow hit the target. 12. It was a narrow es­cape for him. 13. She survived the operation. 14. The air was rich with the scent of summer flowers. 15. The earthquake caused much damage. No loss of life was reported. 16. He often meets with misfortune. 17. He back­ed the car into the garage. 18 The child clung to its mother's skirt. 19. Don't encourage him in bis idle ways. 20. I intended no hurt to his feelings.21. He didn't want her to ask him any questions. 22. Pay attention to the spelling of the word. 23. She ta­kes a keen interest in history. 24. He hoped he'd manage to gain his living. 25. Last night I had a wonderful dream. 26. The train runs from London to Manchester. 27. Rich feeding does more harm than good. 28. They were looking at terraces rising from the sea. 29. Let us take an example. 30. Unfortunately, he missed the 5 p. m. train.

Упражнение 29. Объясните образование следующих блендов:

flush, glaze, good-bye, electrocute, pomato, twirl, dollarature, cablegram,

galumph, frutopia drink.

Упражнение 30. Приведите глаголы, соответствующие существительным, которые подчеркнуты. Сравните место ударения в существительном и глаголе.

1. He looked up; all among the trees he saw moving objects, red like poppies, or white like May-blossoms. 2.I am not sure that I can define my fears: but we all have a certain anxiety at present about our friends. 3. Accent is the elevation of the voice which distinguishes one part of a word from another. 4. Her conduct was deferential.

Упражнение 31. Сократите следующие существительные до одного слога.

Mitten, doctor, grandmother, cabriolet, public, house, gymnasium, proprietor, fraternity, laboratory, margarine, sister, mathematics, trigonometry, veterinary, gladiolus.

Упражнение 32. Прокомментируйте способ образования подчеркнутых слов.

After dinner, the woman cleared the table. 2. Finally, to quiet him, she said uneekly, she hadn’t really meant it. 3. The differences are now being narrowed 4. Her face, heated with his own exertions, chilled suddenly. 5. Warmed by the hot tea, he warmed to the argument. 6. She came dressed up to the nines. 7. A win in this match is a must. 8. Turn your ought into shalls.

Упражнение 33. Напишите полное название данных сокращений.

(e.g. Colo – Colourado) and so: Ala., Cal., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Kan., Ken., Md., N.D., NJ, NY, Oreg., S.C., Tex.

Упражнение 34. Проанализируйте значения прилагательных и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. There was a general appearance of rich red velvet and plushy cosiness in the big drawing-room.

2. There was honey, butter and rich red strawberry jam for breakfast. Не gave us a stare of hard triumph.

1. The hard, blue, sunlit sky was clear but for a few wisps of cloud.

2. Two speeches were made by Tory Ministers this week, which didn't even mention the miners — and yet constituted a bitter attack on them.

3. Bad flooding is expected in the Mekong Delta at the beginning of next month, which will damage the new harvest.

6.Sergent Holcomb, chewing nervously on a cold cigar, sat at the end of a long oak table.

7.Not long ago the Africans in South Africa had to work either in the gold mines or on the white farms.

8.The news of Leo Tolstoy illness created world-wide concern.

9..Manchester trade unionists yesterday joined the nationwide wave of protest against the Derry massacre.

10.Environmental pollution is one of the scourges of modern civili­sation, fouling rivers and seas, the countryside and the air.

11.Dental students will lobby Parliament today in protest against higher dental charges.

12.Initially the price rise on petrol will affect the heaviest and the lightest consumers least.

13.He spoke in a rich, husky voice.

Упражнение 35. Просмотрите следующий абзац и скажите как можно выявить влияние иностранного языка.

The influence of a foreign language may be exerted in two ways, through the spoken word, by personal contact between the two peoples, or through the written word, by indirect contact, not between the peoples themselves but through their literatures. The former way was more productive in the earlier stages, but the latter has become increasingly important in more recent times. Direct contact may take place naturally in border regions, or by the transference of considerable number of people from one area to another, either by peaceful immigration, settlement or colonisation, or through invasion and conquest. It may also take place, though to a more limited extent, through travel to foreign countries and through residence abroad, for trade or other purposes, of relatively small numbers of people.

The type of words borrowed by personal contact would undoubtedly at first be names of objects unfamiliar to the borrowers, or products and commodities exchanged by way of trade. If the contacts were maintained over a long period then ideas concerned with government, law, religion, and customs might be absorbed, and perhaps the names of these would be adopted. Only in the case of nations in relatively advanced stages of civilisation would there be much influence exerted through the written word; concrete objects would come first, then abstract ideas learnt from what might actually be seen from their effects in everyday life and abstract ideas through the indirect contact achieved by books would come much later

(J.A.Sheard. The words we use).

Упражнение 36. Объясните происхождение следующих слов:

father, brother, mother, dog, cat, sheep, wolf, house, life, earth, man, apple, live, go, give, begin, strong, long, wide, to, for, from, and, with, I, he, two, well, much, little.

Упражнение 37. Проанализируйте следующие слова с точки зрения типа и степени ассимиляции. Определите какие слова: а) полностью ассимилированы, б) частично ассимилированы, в) не ассимилированы.

a)completeiy assimilated; b) partially assimilated; c) non-assimilated: prima-donna, ox, caftan, city, school, etc., mazurka, table, street, they, century, sky, wall, stimulus, reduce, cup, present.

Упражнение 38. Проанализируйте перевод слов и словосочетаний.

brawn drain утечка мускулов

brown-bagger (амер. разг.) человек, который берет с собой на работу еду с целью экономии или из-за соблюдения диеты character assassination подрыв репутации, злостная клевета communication gap отсутствие взаимопонимания между раз­личными поколениями, классами, политическими группи­ровками

disadvantaged бедный, нищий doublespeak 1) демагогия; 2) ложные обещания double standard I) двойной критерий оценки; 2) пристраст­ная оценка чьих-либо поступков

educational package обязательная учебная программа Gay liberation (амер.) движение "Свободу гомосексуалистам"

gerentocratic характеризующий менеджеров, управляющих и ди­ректоров крупных компаний как правящий класс (gerent = = manager + cratic от bureaucratic)

gogglebox (брит, разг.) телевизор, "ящик" ' job-hopper "летун", человек, часто меняющий место работы

kleptocracy клептократия, правление воров

rap session (амер. жарг.) дискуссия на определенную тему

shock wave потрясение, возмущение, шок, вызванные каким-либо событием

shuttle diplomacy челночная дипломатия

spaghetti western (амер. жарг.) макаронный вестерн: ковбой­ский фильм, сделанный итальянцами

sweet heart contract, deal договор, сделка, заключенные в ре­зультате подкупа в ущерб своей компании

takeover 1) смена власти; 2) захват власти, государствен­ный переворот; 3) экон. слияние компаний, взятие под свой контроль и управление

Упражнение 30. Прочитайте следующие два абзаца и обсудите разницу двух взглядов на синонимию.

Jacobson R. Selected Writings. - P. 656 : In any language instances may occur where two words are synonyms i.e. semantically coinciding with each other while differing in their phonemic constitution (though cases of total semantic coincidence and unrestricted permutability within the same code are most uncommon, and often close semantic approximation is mistaken by students for a complete identity), It is obvious that as a rule a distinctive feature in any language serves to differentiate words (or their grammatical constituents) which are semantically distinct, and, above all. language has no other way to convey a semantic difference than through the distinctive features. (Mednikova E.M. Seminars in English Lexicology. - M., 1978. - p. 649).

Lyons John. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. - P. 447; "Total Synonymy" and "Complete Synonymy". - P. 448:

It is a widely-held view that there are few, if any, "real" synonyms in natural languages. To quote Ullmann, it is almost a truism that total synonymy is an extremely rare occurrence, a luxury that language can ill afford. As argued by Ullmann this view rests upon two quite distinct criteria: only those words can be described as synonymous which can replace each other in any given context without the slightest change either in cognitive or emotive import. The two conditions for total synonymy are therefore: (1) interchangeability in all contexts and (II) identity in both cognitive and emotive import. We will discuss the validity of the distinction between "cognitive" and "emotive" sense presently. For the moment we take it for granted.

The condition of interchangeability in all contexts reflects the common assumption that words are never synonymous in any context unless they can occur (and have the same sense) in all contexts. We have already referred to and rejected this assumption. Like all sense-relation synonymy is context dependent: we will return to this point The main objection to the definition of synonymy proposed by Ullmann (and others) is that it combines two radically different criteria and prejudges the question of their interdependence. It will be helpful to introduce a terminological distinction at this point. Granted the validity of the distinction between "cognitive" and "'emotive" sense, we may use the term complete synonymy for equivalence of both cognitive and emotive sense; and we may restrict the term total synonymy to those synonyms (whether complete or not)

which are interchangeable in all contexts. This scheme of classification allows for four possible kinds of synonyms (assuming that only two values are attributed to each of the variables):

1. complete and total synonymy: (2) complete, but not total; (3) incomplete, but total; (4) incomplete, and not total.

1. It is complete and total synonymy that most semanticists have in mind when they talk of "real'' (or "absolute") synonymy. It is undoubtedly true that there are very few such synonyms in language. And little purpose is served by defining a notion of 'absolute¹ synonymy which is based on the assumption that complete equivalence and total interchangeability are necessarily connected. Once we accept that they are not, and at the same time abandon the traditional view that synonymy is a matter of the identity of two independently determined 'senses', the whole question becomes much more straightforward. /Mednikova E. M., op. cit. - p. 64-65/.

Упражнение 40. Определите стилистические особенности подчеркнутых слов, замените их нейтральным синонимом из списка, приведенного ниже.

1. Their discourse was interrupted. 2. He was dressed like a toff. 3. She passed away. 4. The old man kicked the bucket. 5. Where is Daddy ? 6. Come on, let's put on steam. 7. Meet my better half. 8. He must have gone off his rodder,

11. Come down to brass tacks. 12. Jack took his departure. 13. Well, let's drift. 14. Somebody has nailed my bag. 15. This is a case for a vet 16. He is a joiner.

A doctor, to steal, to go, to leave, to go on, please, to put out, come to the point, to go out of one's mind, a wife, a father, to die, to talk, a gentleman, good company.

Упражнение 41. Используя словарь определите семантические различия между членами следующих групп синонимов. Определите, лежат ли данные различия в пределах коннотативного или денотативного значения.

Gather, collect, assemble, congregate; discuss, argue, debate, dispute; help, aid, assist; employ, hire; mend, repair, patch, rebuild; occupation, calling, vocation, business; position, place, situation, post.

Упражнение 42. Заполните пропуски подходящим по смыслу паронимом

Campaign, company. 1. The election, ... in England lasts about a month. 2. It was Napoleon's last.... 3. When ... stays too long, treat them like members of the family and they'll soon leave. 4. Misery loves... . 5. Come along for... . 6. Two are..., three are none. 7. The film ... merged. 8. Don't talk about your diseases in ....

Упражнение 43. Определите денотативное и коннотативное значение следующих пар слов.

.Muzzle -face, fat- plump, obstinate - mulish, infant - kid, beg - implore, friend - crony, fragrance - reek, love - adore, talent -genius, famous - notorious, gobble - eat.

Упражнение 44.Сопоставьте английские предложения с их переводом на русский язык. Обратите внимание на контекстуально обусловленные эквиваленты глагола to go .Укажите какими глаголами движения их можно заменить.

We went there straight away in a

taxi. (Christie)

Jean went into study with an old

'Times", a towel and a pair of

scissors. (Galsworthy)

We went together to the drawing

room.

When she dressed she went to

Fleur's room. (Galsworthy)

You ought to go into the country,

Uncle James. (Galsworthy)

And with a circular movement of his

head he was gone. (Galsworthy)

Later on he went to night high

school. (London)

When Dinny, for instance, went to

lunch at St. Augustine's-in-the -

Meads, she found a very peculiar

atmosphere. (Galsworthy)

Мы отправились туда прямо на такси.

Джин отправилась в кабинет со старым номером "Тайме", поло­тенцем и ножницами.

Мы направились в гостиную.

Она переоделась и заглянула к Флер.

Вам надо перебраться за город,дядя Джемс.

И, кивком простившись со всеми,он исчез.

Потом он стал посещать вечерние курсы.

Когда Динки явилась к обеду в приход святого Августина-на-

Лужках, там царило какое-то странное настроение.

Упражнение 45. Дайте русские эквиваленты словосочетаний с глаголом to go..

, То go abroad; to go to the country; to go for a drive; to go for a

walk; to go for a swim; to go on a \isit; to go on a tour; to go by air; to go by bus; to go by rail; to go on foot; to go along the road; to go upstairs; to go downstairs.

Упражнение 46. Сопоставьте английские предложения с их переводом на русский язык.а) Обратите внимание, что выбор русского эквивалента глагола to go в данных контекстах определяется нормами лексической со­четаемости.

The clouds have gone.-Тучи рассеялись / разошлись

All hope is gone.- Все надежды рухнули.

This road goes to London.-Это дорога ведет в Лондон.

Time goes quickly.- Время идет/ летит.

The park goes down to the river.-Парк простирается до реки.

The boundary

goes along the river.-Граница проходит в

Упражнение 47.Прочитайте и переведите предложения на русский язык , обратив внимание на многозначность глагола to come.

1. She always came to us in September and I shall not ask her to change her plans. 2. Dear Mary, I'm glad you have come, I am feeling most distressed. (Christie) 3. Will you come here, please. 4. How could Rivarez come when he's Ш? (Voynich) 5. She told the manager that she had come to the airport, hoping to see her husband before departure. 6. I always come here when I want to be well fed. (Galsworthy) 7. I am glad you came to us, Mademoiselle Marchaud. (Christie) 8. He did come here, but I was at a meeting at the Woman's Institute. (Christie) 9. For many years she had come to the hotel Cote d'Azure. (Maurier)

Упражнение48. Переведите английские предложения на русский язык. Укажите те случаи, когда контекст дает возможность однозначно определить способ передвижения (ехать или идти), т.е. указыва­ет единственно возможный русский эквивалент.

1. Не hasn”t come yet. 2. He came into the room. 3. On the following Sunday he came again to their house. 4. We came to the end of the path. 5. We came to Manderley in early May. 6. They had just finished lunch when the police came. 7. Battle got up abruptly. He and Leach left the room first. Nevile and Royde came close behind them.8. Mrs. Danvers came close to me, she put her face near to mine. 9. Bobby got up quickly and came towards the man. (Christie) 10. Manning came slowly and hesitantly through the french window, and stood as near as he could. 11. Perhaps, you would like to come with me? 12.Не must have noticed that some tradesman came at a certain time every day. 13."If you mil come with me," continued Dr. Tosswill, "I will take you to Sir Guy Willard." 14.Mr. Spenlow came round the corner of the house. 15.If he doesn 't come by twelve, I shall go to bed. 16.We came to the bend in the road that I had wished to imprison as a memory.

Упражнение 49. Переведите следующие официально-информативные сообще ния на русский язык. Учтите, что в этом контексте глаголу to tell, как правило, соответствует глагол сообщать /сообщить ("доводить до чьего-л. сведения, официально уведомлять").

1. Brazilian oil reserves not enough

The state-owned X Oil Company warned on Saturday it has only enough reserves to meet Brazil's needs for 15 days and a strike threatened by company employees could bring the economy to a halt.

The president of the company told reporters that on Friday 60 to 70 per cent of the company's 61,000 employees went on strike.

2. Biggest-ever Russian credit

Russian President N and Indian Prime Minister N' imparted a new dimension of the bilateral economic relations by emphasizing the need for allowing both private and public sector companies in India to go to Russia for trade and business.

An official spokesman told newsmen that during the discussions, the two leaders agreed to examine the possibility of letting the Indian traders in the two sectors to do business directly with individual con­stituent republics as also with individual enterprises in Russia. To fa­cilitate this, the Indian companies could be allowed to open their of­fices.

3. Labour claims victory on vibration white finger

Labour MPs last night claimed a victory as the government dropped plans to end compensation for sufferers from the industrial disease, vibration white finger, writes our Political Correspondent.

Social Security Minister N told a deputation that he would not now be changing existing rules to block claims.

The disease affects thousands of shipbuilding, civil engineering and building workers.

Liverpool MP N¹ hailed the decision as 'a significant victory".

Упражнение50. Сопоставьте английские предложения с их переводом на русский язык. Обратите внимание, что русскими эквивалентами английского глагола to tell выступают близкие по значению гла­голы рассказывать/рассказать и говорить/сказать. Выбор од­ного из них часто определяется широким контекстом.

Динни рассказам ему о возвра­щении Ферза.

Мне стыдно об этом рассказы­вать, но вы сами знаете, что это за проблема — снять квартиру.

А вот тетя Эм; не говори ей ни­чего.

Если вы чем-нибудь расстро­ены, скажите, я все улажу. Алан Тасборо говорил, что при­едет фазу, если он нам понадо­бится.

Dinny told him of Ferse's return.

I feel quite ashamed of telling you,

but you know what flat — hunting

is. (Christie)

There's your Aunt Em, don't tell

her. (Galsworthy)

If there's anything worring you,

tell me and I'll fix it. (Galsworthy)

Alan Tasburgh told me he would

come any time if anyone was

wanted. (Galsworthy)

Упражнение 51. Переведите английские предложения на русский язык. • Сравните выбранный Вами русский эквивалент глагола to tell с его значениями, используя словарь.

1. Tell me, Monsieur Poirot, what are your views on the super­natural? (Christie) 2. I suppose, you ought to tell everything you know. (Galsworthy) 3. Furthermore, I will tell you an interesting, psychologi­cal fact, Hastings. (Christie) 4. Pardon, but could you tell me if a Mr. and Mrs. Robinson reside here? (Christie) 5. "Of course", said Miss Hartnell, telling the story afterward, "I managed to keep my head".

.

Упражнение 52. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих предложений. Аргументируйте выбор лексического соответствия глагола to visit.

1. You visited her out of pure kindness of heart. (Christie). 2.1 hope to visit Rome. 3. I suppose old friends did come and visit them. (Christie). 4. I visit the town now and again. 5. I visited all the cottage hospitals between Windsor and London. (Christie). 6. Mr. Baynes made himself extremely pleasant to June, who frequently visited his house in Lowndes Square at this period. (Glasworthy) 7. Very occasionally, when they had been visiting England, she met them again. (Christie)

Упражнение 53.Переведите словосочетания на русский язык.

To take a fortress to run a business to put a child to bed

To take smb. In the act to run a factory to put the matter before smb.

To take a holiday to run a theatre to put the blame on smb.

To take coal to run a car to put smb. out of temper

To take the crop to run the house to put theory into practice

Упражнение 54.Дайте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний.Прокомментируйте полученные лексические соответствия.

Руководить факультетом; руководить , сражением; . руководить строительством завода; руководить боем; руководить школой; руководить/ управлять страной; управлять/ руководить людьми; управлять самолетом; управлять космическим кораблем; управлять машиной.,давать/ дать кому-л. карандаш; делать/ сделать кому-л. подарок; преподносить/ преподнести кому-л. букет цветов; награждать/ наградить медалью; распределять/ распределить роли в пьесе; передавать/ передать/ вручать/ вручить записку; придавать/ придать кому-л. уверенность; придавать/ придать кому-л. силу; сообщать/ сообщить сведения; присваивать/ присвоить звание; налагать/ наложить взыскание; приговорить к пожизненному заключению; давать/ дать показания под присягой; давать/ дать концерт; читать/ прочитать лекцию; отдавать/ отдать приказ; наносить/ нанести обиду; уступать/ уступить место кому-л.; передавать/ передать кого-л. в руки полиции.

Mass Culture

Упражнение54. Переведите на русский язык по абзацам сле­дующий текст.

The twenty-first century is beginning as the century of culture, with the differences, interactions, and conflicts among cultures taking centre stage. This has become manifest, among other ways, in the extent to which schol­ars, politicians, economic development officials, soldiers, and strategists are all turning to culture as a central factor in explaining human social, political, and economic behaviour. In short, culture counts, with consequences for both good and evil. If culture counts, what is it? Culture is one of the most ambiguous, most debated words or concepts in the social science lexicon. There is little agreement on what it means or implies. The concept of culture arouses passion. People - ordinary people, extraordinary people, and politi­cians - often discuss the concept of culture with ferocity. Scholars warned against getting bogged down in debating definitions.

It is known far and wide that culture has many meanings. Just three are mentioned here. First, culture refers to the products of a society. People speak of a society's high culture - the art, literature, music - and its popular or folk culture. Second, anthropologists speak of culture in a much broader sense to mean the entire way of life of a society, its institutions, social structure, family structure, and the meanings people attribute to these. Finally, other scholars, perhaps particularly political scientists, see culture as something subjective, meaning the beliefs, values, attitudes, orientations, assumptions, philosophy.

However it is defined, civilisations are the broadest cultural entities with innumerable subcultures. Two central elements of culture are language and religion, and these obviously differ greatly among societies. Scholars have also measured societies along a number of other cultural dimensions and

classified them in terms of individualism and collectivism, egalitarianism and hierarchy, pluralism and monism, activism and fatalism, tolerance and intolerance, trust and suspicion, shame and guilt, instrumental and consummatory, and a variety of other ways. In recent years, however, many people have argued that we are seeing the emergence of a universal world-wide culture. They may have various things in mind.

Упражнение 55. Подберите из текста упражнения 1 английские эквива­ленты к следующим словосочетаниям.

социальная структура

образ жизни

всемирная культура

основной фактор

судить об обществе

погрязнуть в обсуждении

подражать кумирам

в более широком смысле

Упражнение 55. Выпишите из словаря все возможные значения следую­щих слов, а также выражения, в которых они используются. Объясните, какие из этих значений связаны с проблематикой данного текста.

1. culture, interaction, consequence, emergence, tolerance, fatalism, stage, variety, factor, ferocity;

2. to attribute, to define, to imply, to count, to measure;

3. universal, subjective, ambiguous, extraordinary, social.

Упражнение 56. Опираясь исключительно на слова и словосочетания из упражнений 2 и 3, воспроизведите текст упражнения 1 как можно ближе к ори­гиналу сначала по-русски, а затем по-английски.

Упражнение 57. Подготовьте письменное сообщение на русском и анг­лийском языках о вашем кумире. Зачитайте русскую версию вашего сообщения по предложению, в то время как один из ваших коллег выступит в роли пере­водчика. Представьте на обсуждение в классе английскую версию вашего со­общения и сравните ее с устным переводом, сделанным вашим коллегой.

Упражнение 58. Переведите письменно на русский язык следующий текст после его однократного прослушивания. По ходу чтения текста препода­вателем постарайтесь не делать никаких записей или пометок.

Mass Media

Упражнение 59. Прослушайте текст, ничего не фиксируя письменно.

Since it was first formed as a company in 1922, the BBC has been a world leader in program production. It has pioneered communications in ra­dio, television and online technologies. John Reith, the BBC's founding fa­ther, looked westwards in the 1920s to America's unregulated, commercial radio, and then east to the fledgling Soviet Union's rigidly controlled state system. Keith's vision was of an independent British broadcaster able to educate, inform and entertain the whole nation, free from political interfer­ence and commercial pressure. The British Broadcasting Company started daily transmissions on November 14, 1922. "Listening in" to the wireless in the United Kingdom quickly became a social and cultural phenomenon as the BBC in London, and regional stations around the country, gave birth to a new form of mass communication. There was drama, variety, talks, children's programs, popular and classical music and some news but in the early days only after 7 p.m. to avoid upsetting the newspapers. King George V was first heard on radio during a broadcast from the British Empire Exhi­bition of 1924. The speech was relayed on loudspeakers outside major de­partment stores and the crowds were so large they stopped the traffic in the road. On the eve of World War II, the BBC had already started services to Europe in French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish and English.

The BBC's Television Service was created in 1936. Viewers were able to watch King George VI's Coronation Procession, see Wimbledon and the FA Cup Final, enjoy plays and opera and laugh at children's cartoons. The television service was suddenly blacked out for defence reasons on Septem­ber 1, 1939. World War II was radio's war and the BBC nearly lost it in the opening skirmishes. Listeners wrote in to complain about the new Home

Service, which seemed, to some, to be dominated by organ recitals and pub­lic announcements. Winston Churchill had no love for the BBC in the be­ginning. He called it "the enemy within the gates." The BBC emerged from the war with an enhanced reputation as a news broadcaster, particularly among listeners to the BBC's wartime radio services in the occupied coun­tries. The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II on June 2, 1953 in Westminster Abbey ushered in the television age.

Упражнение 60. После однократного чтения текста упражнения 1 изложите его содержание письменно на английском языке. Постарайтесь пе­редать как можно больше деталей.

Упражнение 61. Опираясь исключительно на записи, сделанные по па­мяти (см. упражнение 2), переведите устно на русский язык просчитанный текст из упражнения 1.

1. founding father

2. political interference

3. running commentary

4. organ recital

5. commercial radio

6. commercial pressure

7. editorial independence

8. public announcement

Упражнение 62. Подберите из правой колонки русские эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, помещенным в левой колонке.

a. прямой репортаж

b. давление деловых кругов

c. свобода прессы

d. политическое вмешательство

e. органный концерт

f. правительственное сообщение

g. создатель

h. коммерческое радио

Упражнение 63. Сгруппируйте слова в синонимические ряды.

Advertisement, advertising, air, announcement, broadcast, broadcasting, commercial, continuity, current events, data, film, information, intelligence, merit, motion picture, movie, moving picture, news, output, picture, produce, production, productivity, radio, receiver, scenario, screen version, screenplay, script, series, show, soap-opera, telecast, transmission, tuner, value, wireless, word from our sponsor, worth.

Упражнение 64. Переведите на русский язык следующие высказыва­ния. Выучите их наизусть.

A good newspaper, I suppose, is a nation talking to itself.(Arthur Miller)

Nearly every man thinks he can do three things, namely, run a newspa­per, build a fire and guide the Government.(Gordon Selfridge)

Упражнение 65.Определите этимологию следующих слов:

Ohio, ranch, squash, mosquito, banjo, toboggan, pic­kaninny, Mississippi, sombrero, prairie, wigwam.

Упражнение 66. Объясните образование следующих слов:

Rattlesnake, foxberry, auto, Americanism, Colonist, addressee, ad, copperhead, pipe of peace, fire-water.

Упражнение 67.Переведите следующие слова. Напишите оба варианта: английский и американский. and American variant.

Каникулы, бензин, осень, консервная банка, ра­дио, трамвай.

Упражнение 68. В данных предложениях найдите примеры слов, которые характеризуют американский английский. Определите являются ли они: а) историческими американизмами; б) абсолютными американизмами; в) американским сокращением; г) американским заимствованием. Обратите внимание на правописание.

1. As the elevator carried Brett downward, Hank Kreisel closed and locked the apartment door from in­side. 2. A raw fall wind swirled leaves and dust in small tornadoes and sent pedestrians scurrying for in­door warmth. 3. Over amid the bungalows a repair crew was coping with a leaky water main. 4. We have also built, ourselves, experimental trucks and cars which are electric powered. 5. In a plant bad news trav­elled like burning gasoline. 6. May Lou wasn't in; she had probably gone to a movie. 7. The bank was about equal in size to a neighbourhood drugstore, brightly lighted and pleasantly designed. 8. Nolan Wainwright walked towards the apartment building, a three-storey structure probably forty years old and showing signs of disrepair. He guessed it contained two dozen or so apartments. Inside a vestibule Nolan Wainwright could see an array of mail boxes and call buttons. 9. He's a barber and one of our bird dogs. We had twenty or so regular bird dogs, Smokey revealed, in­cluding service station operators, a druggist, a beauty-parlor operator, and an undertaker. 10. Barbara put a hand to her hair — chestnut brown and luxuriant, like her Polish Mother's; it also grew annoyingly fast so she had to spend more time than she liked in beauty sa­lons. 11. He hadn't had an engineering degree to start, having been a high school dropout before World War II. 12. Auto companies regularly invited design school students in, treating them like VIP's, while the students saw for themselves the kind of aura they might work in later.

Упражнение 69.Определите этимологию следующих слов:

Ohio, ranch, squash, mosquito, banjo, toboggan, pic­kaninny, Mississippi, sombrero, prairie, wigwam.

Упражнение 70. Объясните образование следующих слов:

Rattlesnake, foxberry, auto, Americanism, Colonist, addressee, ad, copperhead, pipe of peace, fire-water.

Упражнение 71.Переведите следующие слова . Напишите оба варианта: английский и американский. and American variant.

Каникулы, бензин, осень, консервная банка, ра­дио, трамвай.

Упражнение 72. В данных предложениях найдите примеры слов, которые характеризуют американский английский. Определите являются ли они: а) историческими американизмами; б) абсолютными американизмами; в) американским сокращением; г) американским заимствованием. Обратите внимание на правописание.

1. As the elevator carried Brett downward, Hank Kreisel closed and locked the apartment door from in­side. 2. A raw fall wind swirled leaves and dust in small tornadoes and sent pedestrians scurrying for in­door warmth. 3. Over amid the bungalows a repair crew was coping with a leaky water main. 4. We have also built, ourselves, experimental trucks and cars which are electric powered. 5. In a plant bad news trav­elled like burning gasoline. 6. May Lou wasn't in; she had probably gone to a movie. 7. The bank was about equal in size to a neighbourhood drugstore, brightly lighted and pleasantly designed. 8. Nolan Wainwright walked towards the apartment building, a three-storey structure probably forty years old and showing signs of disrepair. He guessed it contained two dozen or so apartments. Inside a vestibule Nolan Wainwright could see an array of mail boxes and call buttons. 9. He's a barber and one of our bird dogs. We had twenty or so regular bird dogs, Smokey revealed, in­cluding service station operators, a druggist, a beauty-parlor operator, and an undertaker. 10. Barbara put a hand to her hair — chestnut brown and luxuriant, like her Polish Mother's; it also grew annoyingly fast so she had to spend more time than she liked in beauty sa­lons. 11. He hadn't had an engineering degree to start, having been a high school dropout before World War II. 12. Auto companies regularly invited design school students in, treating them like VIP's, while the students saw for themselves the kind of aura they might work in later.

Упражнение 73.

1. Analyse V. Muller's Anglo-Russian Dictionary, state what type it belongs to; comment on the principles of selection of words, structure of dictionary entry, what information about a word can be deduced from the dictionary entry.

2. Analyse I.R.Galperin's Big Anglo-Russian Dictionary, state what type it belongs to; comment on the principles of selection of words, structure of dictionary entry; what information about a word can be deduced from the dictionary entry.

3. According to the above suggested pattern (see the table) analyse the dictionaries: The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Webster's New World Dictionary. Exercise 2.

Choose one word out of the following list: head, hand, arm, body, thing, to go, to take, to be and analyse its dictionary entry and its semantic structure as presented in the following dictionaries:

1. V.Muller's Anglo-Russian Dictionary;

2. The Concise Oxford English Dictionary;

3. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles

4. The Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English by L.S.Hornby.

Вопросы для самоконтроля.

1. Что такое словарный состав языка?

1. Самостоятельные дисциплины в составе лексикологии.

2. Что является предметом исследования общей лексикологии?

3. Что изучает частная лексикология?

4. Что является основной функцией слова?

5. Коннотативная часть значения слова.

6. Компоненты содержательной структуры слова.

7. Расскажите о типах значения слова.

8. На какие составные делится значение слова?

9. Типы лексических значений в зависимости от их отношения к сознанию и мышлению.

10. Мотивированное значение слова.

11. Антонимические пары и синонимические ряды.

12. Как подразделяются омонимы по характеру их отображения на письме. Приведите примеры омонимов каждой из групп.

13. Метафора: определение, характеристика, примеры.

14. Метонимия: определение, характеристика, примеры.

15. Синекдоха: определение, характеристика, примеры.

16. Расскажите о том, как выделяются морфемы в словах.

17. Расскажите о роли морфем в языке.

18. Единицы словообразовательного уровня.

19. Группы способов словообразования.

20. Что входит в понятие «простая аффиксация»?

21. Что такое сращение? Приведите примеры сращений.

22. Виды сложносокращенных слов.

23. Какова классификация аффиксов по их функции в языке.

24. Что такое осложнение? Приведите примеры осложнений.

25. Понятие аббревиации. Виды аббревиатур.

26. Расскажите о префиксально-суффиксальном способе словообразования.

27. Расскажите о префиксально-флексивном способе образования новых слов.

28. Что такое фразеологизм? Приведите примеры фразеологизмов.

29. Почему фразеологизмы образно называют «языковыми клише»?

30. Расскажите о фразеологических единствах.

31. Что такое фразема и идиома?

32. С какими науками связана фразеология?

33. Какие классификации фразеологических единиц Вам известны?

34. Основное содержание лексикографии как лингвистической дисциплины.

35. Периоды развития формы в истории практической лексикологии.

36. Общие и специальные лингвистические словари. Примеры таких словарей.

37. Точки зрения на лексикографию как языковую дисциплину.

38. Расскажите о специфике частотных словарей.

39. В чем заключается главная задача толкового словаря? Как выглядит словарная статья в таком словаре?

40. Расскажите о словарях антонимов и словарях синонимов.

41. Виды специальных словарей.

42. Для чего нужны частотные словари?

Темы рефератов по дисциплине.

1. Новые способы словообразования в современном английском языке.

1. Аффиксальное глаголообразование в английском языке.

2. Словообразование, конверсия, как продуктивный способ словообразования в английском языке.

3. Продуктивное именное словообразование в современном английском языке.

4. Словообразовательные модели неологизмов в современном английском языке.

5. Эпонимия как способ словообразования в английском языке.

6. Аббревиатура и сокращения в английском языке.

7. Суффиксация как способ словообразования.

8. Происхождение английских топонимов.

9. Фразеологический глагол.

10. Акронимы как тип лексических сокращений.

11. Способы образования имен собственных в английском языке и передача их на русский язык.

12. Фразеологические единицы с компонентами «тот» в английском языке.

13. Обогащение словарного состава английского языка за счет интернациональных заимствований.

14. Основные типы словарей.

15. Интернациональная лексика английского языка.

16. Омонимия и ее источники.

17. Морфемная и словообразовательная структура слова.

18. Лексика делового общения.

19. Способы образования терминов.

20. Свободные и устойчивые словосочетания.

21. Фразеологические обороты, проблемы их классификации.

22. Варианты английского языка.

23. Заимствования, как отражение культурных контактов на материале английского языка.

24. Заимствования, его сущность, типы заимствований.

25. Стилистический компонент слова и его лексикографическое отражение.

26. Словообразование, конверсия как продуктивный способ словообразования в английском языке.

27. Аффиксальное глаголообразование в английском языке.

Вопросы к экзамену.

1. Лексикология как раздел языкознания. Функции лексикологии. Роль смежных наук.

1. Общее определение значения слова, типы и виды значений.

2. Грамматические и лексические значения слова.

3. Денотативное и коннотативное значение слова.

4. Внутренняя форма (мотивировка) слова.

5. Сущность переосмысления значения слова.

6. Экстралингвистические причины изменения значения слова.

7. Лингвистические причины изменения значения слова.

8. Перенос наименования – основа сдвига значения.

9. Морфологическая структура слова в английском языке.

10. Основные словообразовательные структуры слова в английском языке.

11. Основные понятия словообразования.

12. Линейные модели словообразования.

13. Аффиксация. Продуктивные и непродуктивные аффиксы. Семантика аффиксов.

14. Словосложения. Типы сложных слов.

15. Разграничение сложных слов и словосочетаний.

16. Нелинейные модели словообразования.

17. Сокращение, пути образования.

18. Конверсия, пути образования.

19. Реверсия, основное понятие.

20. Понятие полисемии. Полисемия и контекст.

21. Типы значений многозначного слова.

22. Пути развития многозначности и распад полисемии.

23. Понятие омонимия,типы омонимов.

24. Понятие синонимия, типы синонимов.

25. Понятие антонимия, типы антонимов.

26. Понятие паронимия.

27. Эвфемизмы.

28. Понятие и типы фразеологических единиц.

29. Классификация фразеологических единиц в английском языке.

30. Теоретические основы современной лексикографии.

31. Типы, характеристика английских словарей.

32. Генетический состав лексики английского языка.

33. Классификация лексики по источнику заимствования.

34. Классификация лексики по степени ассимилированности заимствований.

35. Пути пополнения словарного состава английского языка.

36. Особенности лексики и фразеологии американского варианта английского языка.

37. Особенности лексики и фразеологии австралийского варианта английского языка.