Basic Principles of Fire Protection and Design against Fire
Fire hazard in buildings may be divided into internal, in the building itself, and external, arising from a fire in adjoining property. The internal hazard may be subdivided into danger to occupants of the building and damage to structure and contents.
The basic principles of fire protection may be set out under three broad headings:
- every building should be designed and constructed to reduce the risk of ignition of any part of the building and the spread of fire inside the building, or into or out of it;
- the parts of the building are required to withstand the effects of fire long enough to avoid any structural collapse that would increase the risk of fire spread;
- the safety of the occupants within the building.
The fire safety problem concerns with some fire precautions. These precautions must be considered at an early stage of the building design process. There are some essential principles of fire design:
− the building should be constructed from building materials that will not contribute to the spread of fire;
− there should be adequate provision to prevent an arson attack;
− the building should be fitted with an appropriate automatic fire-alarm system;
− all fire-protection systems should be installed by adequately trained specialists.
Fire safety engineer has two duties: to protect the lives and to safeguard property within the building.
Make a plan to the text
Answer the questions
1. How is fire hazard in buildings divided?
2. What are the basic principles of fire protection?
3. When must fire precautions be considered?
4. Building materials shouldn’t contribute to the spread of fire, should they?
5. What should the building be fitted with?
6. What are the duties of fire safety engineer?
TEXT 6. Read and translate the text
Civil Engineering
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and
naturally built environment, including works like bridges, roads, canals, dams, and buildings. Civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it was defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering.
It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines
including environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural, engineering transportation engineering, municipal or urban engineering, water resources engineering, materials engineering, coastal engineering, surveying, and construction engineering.
T
he Petronas
Twin Towers, designed by architect CesarPelli and Thornton
Tomasetti and Ranhill Bersekutu Sdn Bhd engineers, were the
world's tallest buildings from 1998 to 2004.
Civil engineering takes place on all levels: in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies.
Answer the questions
What is civil engineering?
What sub-disciplines is non-military engineering broken into?
Where does civil engineering take place on?
TEXT 7. Read and translate the text