Конверсiя

Конверсія – це спосіб словотвору, досить поширений в англійській мові, при якому від слова однієї частини мови утворюється слово іншої частини мови без зміни зовнішньої форми слова.

Наприклад: to stop – a stop, зупиняти – зупинка;

water – to water, вода – поливати.

Найбільш поширеним є утворення іменника від відповідного дієслова:

V – N : to march – march; to run – run

Досить часто має місце і утворення дієслова від іменника:

N – V: pump – to pump

Часто дієслово утворюється від прикметників:

A – V: empty – to empty

СЛОВОСКЛАДЕННЯ

Складні слова утворюються шляхом об’єднання двох основ, наприклад, watercourse – русло, поток утворене від water (вода), course (течія, шлях).

PART I

ARCHITECTURE

AND

DESIGN

UNIT I

History of architecture

Contest:

Roman Architecture

Byzantine Art of Building

The Gothic Style

Oriental Architecture

The Renaissance

Modern Architecture

Lesson I

Roman Architecture

Exercise 1. Read and pronounce correctly the following words:

Thus, this-these, that-those, with, without, their, there, then, than, though northern, southern, further, weather, whether, either, neither, hitherto, rhythm, other;

Theme, method, myth, thrust, north, south, fifth, thousandth, through, throughout, nothing, length, width, both, birth, strength, baths, thermae, Gothic, cathedral, tholos;

Sphere, sphinx, periphery, philosophy, amphitheatre, anaglyph, photography, emphasis, phase, triumphal;

Forum, leaf, fortify, fulfil, frame, fret, vie, cover, violet, vase, vault, valve, five, fivefold, favour, frivolous, why, when, where, which, what, water, was, were, we wall, well, will, way, wave, freeways, weave, forward, with which, where from, what for, we will win.

Exercise2. Read and translate the following words with the suffix -al:

Obeliscal, rostral, epochal, documental, segmental, conical, optical, focal, minimal, maximal, optimal, classical, triglyphical, mineralogical, floral, spiral, diagonal, individual, periodical, potential, oval, capital, ideal, ritual, crystal, international, vertical, horizontal, pedestal, metal, canal, hospital, astragal, arrival, festival, revival, survival, final.

Exercise 3. Choose all the adjectives from exercise 2 and put them into the left column, choose all the nouns from the same exercise and put them into the right column, find matched pairs: adjective- noun.

Exercise 4. Name Ukrainian words which have the same root in English:

Series, rounded, degraded, essential, sphere, contrast, apartment, identical, phase, primarily, produced, factories, office.

Exercise 5. Words for the text comprehension:

A.D.	наша ера
axial	в напрямку до вісі, військовий
axis	геометрична вісь
casual	випадковий, неохайний
catch	схопити, зловити
claim	позив, право
fenestration	розподіл вікон
floor	перекриття, підлога, поверх
story	поверх
give rise to	дати початок
inward-looking	повернутий у двір
peripteral	оточений колонами
pour into a mould	заливати у форму, опалубку
precursor	передвісник, передтеча
reach	досягати, походити, доїжджати
return	повертатись, повернення
road	шлях, дорога
shade	тінь, сутінки, відтінок
so that	так щоб, таким чином
straggling	розкиданий
throughout	по всій площині, всюди, крізь
whereas	тоді як, в час як, коли
While	в той час як, тоді як, хоча

Exercise 6. Read and translate text A, be ready to answer the following questions:

1. What is the difference between Greek and Romans architecture?

2. What types of dwellings did the Roman develop?

3. When did Early Christian architecture develop?

4. Why may we call the Ancient Romans the only precursors of modern architects?

Text A. Roman Architecture.

Whereas Greek architecture is tectonic, built up from logical series of horizontals and verticals, Roman architecture is plastic with much use of rounded forms( arch, vault and dome), so that buildings tend to look as if they had been made of concrete poured into a mould. In Greek and Hellenistic architecture the column was the most important member; in Rome the column was often degraded to merely decorative uses, while the wall became the essential element. Hence the Roman predilection for pseudo-peripteral temple and for elaborately carved entablatures and other ornamentation. But the true greatness of the Romans lay in the creation of interior space.

In domestic architecture three types were developed; the domus or town-house; the insula or multy-storey apartment house or tenement block, and the villa or suburban or or country house. The domus derived from the Greek or Hellenistic house and was usually of one storey only and inward-looking, the rooms being grouped axially and symmetrically around the atrium( a quadrangular court) and one or more peristyle courts. The street façade was plain and defenestrated. The insular had several identical but separate floors and was often vaulted throughout with concrete construction. A decree of Augustus limited their height in Rome to 75 ft. The villa was derived from the traditional farm-house and was more casual and straggling in plan than the domus. Their exteriors were enlivened with porticos and colonnades, rooms were designed to catch the view or the sun in winter or the shade in summer.

The final phase of Roman architecture from the 4^th to the 6^th century, primarily in church building, is called Early Christian architecture. It gave rise to Byzantine architecture.

A purely utilitarian theme in Roman architecture, which produced quantities of houses, apartment buildings, factories, roads, bridges- all those amenities which have returned to the world of architecture only in recent times- gives the Romans a claim to be the only true precursors of the modern architect.