1. Read the article carefully and answer these questions according to the information in the text.

1. Fleming was not the first to observe the inhibition of bacterial growth by fungi. Who were some other people that made the same observation??

2. In World War I and World War II, many soldiers wounded in battle died, not as the result of their wounds, but for another reason. What was the main reason that these soldiers were dying after their wounds had been successfully treated?

3. Why was knowledge of the Germ Theory necessary?

4. How many types are there in a system for classifying human blood on the basis of the presence or absence of two antigens on the red cell membrane? Why are they important? When were they used for the first time?

5. How old is acetyl salicylic acid?

6. What is the first organ having been transplanted?

7. Why is Dolly the sheep known all over the world?

8. What kind of a machine has been used to maintain the circulation and oxygenation of the blood during heart surgery since the beginning of the 20^th century?

9. What plants and trees were used in the history of medicine for changing the way to treat diseases?

10. Why are you alive right now? What discovery do you owe your life to? Give your reasons.

Language Development

! Dependent prepositions

1. Find and underline all examples with verbs, nouns or adjectives with dependent prepositions in the text and try to learn them.

2. Complete the sentences using one of the following prepositions

TO (5) FOR(3) WITH (2) IN (1) FROM (3)

1. Penicillin is one of the earliest discovered and widely used antibiotic agents, derived __________ the Penicillium mold.

2. This principle later led _________ medicines that could kill certain types of disease-causing bacteria inside the body.

3. Alexander Fleming observed that a plate culture of Staphylococcus had been contaminated by a blue-green mold and that colonies of bacteria adjacent _________ the mold were being dissolved

4. As the war with Germany continued to drain industrial and government resources, the British scientists could not produce the quantities of penicillin needed __________ clinical trials on humans and turned to the United States for help. They were quickly referred ___________ the Peoria Lab where scientists were already working on fermentation methods to increase the growth rate of fungal cultures.

5. The surgeon Joseph Lister, began researching the phenomenon that urine contaminated __________ mold would not allow the successful growth of bacteria.

6. Since the first pioneering efforts of Florey and Chain in 1939, the importance of antibiotics, including antibacterials, to medicine has led _______ intense research into producing antibacterials at large scales.

7. Koch was also famous ___________ the discovery of the tubercle bacillus (1882) and the cholera bacillus (1883) and for his development of Koch's postulates

8. However, medical conservatism on new breakthroughs in pre-existing science prevented them ___________ being generally well received during the 19th century.

9. However the decline __________ many of the most lethal diseases was more due _______ improvements in public health and nutrition than to medicine.

10. At the start of the 20th century, many people still died ________ infectious diseases that today are easily cured

11. Vaccines or other medicines may be added ________ foods.

12. But amazingly the real secret to good health lies not in science or technology. It resides _____ the individual, who needs to take responsibility ________ exercising and making healthy choices at mealtimes.