II. Obligation and freedom to act

a) strong obligation: must, will, need

Students must register in the first week of term.

All sales staff will arrive for work by 8.40 a.m.

Need I get a visa for Hungary?

b) prohibition: must not, may not, cannot

Students must not use the staff car park.

Books may not be taken out of the library.

You can't come in here.

c) weak obligation; recommendation: should, ought to, might, shall (in questions)

You should try to work harder. You might see what John thinks.

She really ought to wash her hair. What shall we do?

d) willingness, volunteering, resolving, insisting and offering: will, shall (in questions)

I'll pay for the drinks. I'll definitely work harder next term.

Shall I give you a hand?

e) permission: can, could, may, might

You can use the car if you like. Could I talk to you for a minute?

May we use the phone? Do you think I might take a break now?

f) absence of obligation: needn't

You needn't work this Saturday.

g) ability: can, could

These roses can grow anywhere.

You could get to my old school by bus, but not by train.

1. Find and underline the examples of modal verbs in the text. Define their meaning.

! -ing forms are called 'present participles'. Forms like broken, gone, opened, started are called 'past participles'. However, both forms can be used to talk about the past, present or future.

She was exercising when I saw her.

Who’s the man talking to Elizabeth?

This time tomorrow I’ll be making a presentation on the topic discussed.

The large molecules were broken into the smaller particles.

The protein food is going to be digested.

Participles can be used:

a) with the auxiliary verbs be and have to make progressive, perfect and passive verb forms.

They were cooking meal when I got home.

I’ve forgotten to defrost meat. You’ll be fed up with this food.

Present and past participles can be put together to make progressive and perfect forms (e.g. being employed, having arrived, having been invited).

b) like adjectives:

I love the noise of falling water. John has become very boring.

She says she’s got a broken heart. The house looked abandoned.

c) like adverbs

She ran screaming out of the room.

d) to combine with other words into clause-like structures.

Who’s the fat man sitting in the corner? – Кто этот толстый мужчина, сидящий в углу?

Having prepared dinner, I started eating. – Приготовив обед, я начал кушать.

Most of the people invited to the party were late. – Большинство людей, приглашенных на вечеринку, опоздали.

Kept out of the fridge, these foods spoilt quickly. – Хранимые не в холодильнике, эти продукты быстро испортились.

2. Find and highlight the examples of present and past participles in the text. Define their meaning.

3. Find and learn Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions:

minute quantities
to fortify with man-made vitamins
diseases associated with the lack of different vitamins: rickets, scurvy, beriberi
to contain twice as many calories per gram as do carbohydrates or proteins
saturated, unsaturated, polyunsaturated fats
precursors of coenzymes in the regulation of metabolic processes
to need to keep running properly
to eat on a regular basis
to be reassembled into triglycerides for transport in the bloodstream
to pass straight through, untouched by the digestive system