1. Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian.

2. Answer the following questions:

1. How did Leonardo fulfill the Renaissance ideal of the Universal Man?

2. What does Leonardo’s reputation as an artist rest on?

3. What is Leonardo’s first masterpiece?

4. In what work of art has Leonardo interpreted the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception?

5. What does the Madonna and Saint Anna represent?

6. What compositional form dominates in Leonardo’s works?

7. What is pictured in “The Last Supper”?

8. What is “The Mona Lisa” famous for?

9. What else did Leonardo create in Florence?

10. What did Leonardo do in his later life?

3. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and phrases:

an apprentice

to surpass the achievements of the time

the Oratory of the Immaculate Conception

a monochrome under paint

to take somebody under protection

to betray the cause

to create an enigma

a characteristic device

on the end wall of the refectory

to make a complete break with

to suffer in the course of time

total calm

on the dry plaster

4. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases:

пірамідальна композиція

взяти під заступництво

традиційне зображення звичайної теми

одноколірний начерк

символ жертовної смерті

вселенський спокій

на глухій стороні трапезної

сумна посмішка грає на її губах

мати погану славу

типовий прийом

суха штукатурка

пророцтво хрещення Христа

проявити божественність

визначити досягнення свого часу

5. Make up sentences of your own with the given words and phrases.

6. Match a line in a with a line in b.

A	B
gifted	the quality or state of being blameless, free
to fulfill	to unite or be united by twisting or twining together
to obtain	to make or become smaller, fewer or less
to intertwine	to make information known, to allow to be seen
to diminish	to finish or reach the end of
haze	the way a person views something or tends to behave towards it
to disclose	to gain possession of, acquire, get
innocence	unusually large, huge, vast
attitude	reduced visibility in the air
immense	having or showing natural talent or aptitude

Lesson 3 Artistic Traditions of Ukraine

In Ukraine the oldest surviving paintings are frescoes and murals found at archeological sites of ancient Hellenic colonies on the northern Black Sea coast, where they were preserved on the walls of tombs.

Fragments of frescoes from the medieval Rus period have been found in the Church of the Tithes in Kyiv (late 10th century), the Cathedral of the Transfiguration in Chernihiv (11th century), and the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv (early 11th century). In style these 11th-century frescoes are similar to those of the middle period of Byzantine art. The frescoes in the Church of St. Cyril's Monastery in Kyiv (mid-12th century) are more realistic and display Balkan influences.

According to the Primary Chronicle portable icons were already being painted in the 10th and 11th centuries, but none so old have survived to our time. The oldest extant icon from Kyiv, The Vyshhorod (Vladimir) Mother of God (12th century), which was of Greek origin, is now in the Tretiakov Gallery in Moscow. Examples of medieval Ukrainian painting can also be found in illuminated manuscripts.

Only a few paintings (mostly in Western Ukraine) survived the turbulent years of the 13th century Mongol invasion—the frescoes in the rotunda chapel in Horiany, in Transcarpathia, and in the Armenian Cathedral in Lviv, built in 1363. According to the Primary Chronicle portable icons were already being painted in the 10th and 11th centuries, but none so old have survived to our time. In the 15th and 16th centuries there emerged a Galician school of icon painting, in which adherence to Byzantine iconography was tempered by personal interpretations, individual variations, and Western influences. The Virgin of Volyn is regarded as the masterpiece belongs to the period of the Old-Rus State the Halychyna-Volyn. During the Renaissance icons gradually lost their rigidity and became more realistic. It was not until the 17th century, however, that Byzantine traditions Kogan giving way to the baroque, which introduced secular themes, three-dimensional forms, and movement in icons.

In Ukraine portrait painting as a separate genre emerged during the Renaissance (16th century) and was strongly influenced by the icon tradition. The first portraits were those of benefactors which were hung in churches. Portraits not used for religious purposes did not emerge until the 17th century. They included official portrayals of nobles and Cossack hetmans and officers, as well as more intimate portraits of nobles and burghers.

Many Ukrainian painters were attracted to the newly established Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg (1757), which cultivated the classicist style of painting then popular in Europe. Better-known Ukrainian artists who pursued their careers at the academy and contributed significantly to the development of art in Russia were A.Losenko, K.Holovachevsky, I.Sablukov, D.Levytsky and V.Borovykovsky.

The emigration of the Ukrainian artists to St. Petersburg deprived Ukrainian painting of its most creative talents. The exception was T.Shevchenko, who devoted most of his painting (like his writing) to Ukrainian interests and has been considered the father of modern Ukrainian painting. Shevchenko painted numerous portraits, self-portraits, and landscapes which recorded the architectural monuments of Ukraine.

During the 19th century landscape painting appeared as a separate genre, and not only in the work of Shevchenko. Inspired by romanticism, I.Soshenko recorded the pastoral settings of rural scenery, and A.Kuindzhi, I.Aivazovsky, S.Vasylkivsky, J.Pokhytonov, and S.Svitoslavsky devoted their efforts to depicting rural scenery at its most beautiful. At that time Ukraine was called East Ukrainian Italy. Artists from Russia and Europian countries visited Ukraine to enrich themselves with new themes and images.

In the last few decades of the 19th century Ukrainian painters studying art in Russia were influenced by the Peredvinzhniki society, formed in 1870 in St. Petersburg by artists who were opposed to the classicist traditions of the Academy of Arts. Artists of Ukrainian origin who became active in the society were I.Rspin, N.Ge, I.Rramskoi, A.Kuindzhi, M.Kuznetsov, K.Kostandi, P,.Levchenko, P.Martynovych, O.Murashko, P.Nilus, L.Pozen, M.Pymonenko, and S.Svitoslavsky. Many other artists were influenced by its ideas to paint realistic genre pictures.

In Austrian-ruled Western Ukraine artists adapted to European trends, particularly those prevalent in Vienna and Crakow, where some of them had studied. Among them were L.Dolynsky, K.Ustyianovych, and T.Kopystynsky, all of whom depicted rural life through a romanticized ethnographic prism and were active in decorating churches. Both M.Ivasiuk, who was known for its panoramic historical canvases, and A.Manastyrsky remained dedicated realists.

Impressionism made itself felt in the work of several Kyiv artists who had worked in Paris, including P.Levchenko, A.Manevich, M.Burachek, O.Murashko, and the exceptionally versatile V.Krychevsky.

The early 20th-century avant-garde movement had a direct impact on Ukrainian painting. Artists born in Ukraine, as well as those who considered themselves Ukrainian by nationality, were in its vanguard. The most prominent of them were K.Malevich, D. and V.Burliuk, A.Ekster, L.Baranoff-Rossine, and V.Tatlin. Ekster introduced futurism to Kyiv and helped bring avant-garde exhibition to Ukraine. O.Bohomazov experimented with abstraction; Yurii Mykhailiv continued the traditions of the symbolists. Worldwide known Kazimir Malevich spoke the influence of Ukrainian baroque and icon painting on his works.

Odessa art school and Kyiv drawing school occupied an important place at the beginning of the 20^th century. During the brief period of Ukrainian independence the Ukrainian State Academy of Arts (1917-22) was established in Kyiv. It and its successor, the Kyiv State Art Institute, made it possible for Ukrainian painters to pursue advanced art training in their homeland. V.Krychevsky was its first rector, and one of the most influential teachers was M.Boichuk, who revived fresco painting and aspired to develop an art for the masses based on a combination of Ukrainian traditions and Western models instead of the Peredvizhniki. Mykhailo Boichuk was an original phenomenon of the early 20^th century. Subsequently Boichuk and his followers (the 'Boichukists' were victims of the Stalinist terror of the 1930s.

During the relatively liberal period of the 1920s in Soviet Ukraine, a variety of styles flourished. Cubo-futurist paintings were produced by V.Yermilov in Kharkiv and O.Bohomazov, V.Palmov, and A.Petrytsky in Kyiv. V.Meller and K.Sikorsky experimented with abstraction; Yu.Mykhailiv, who was fascinated with mythology, continued the traditions of the symbolists.

In the 1930s all avant-garde activities in Soviet Ukraine came to a halt with the introduction of socialist realism as the only literary and artistic, method permitted by the communist regime. Painting was limited to thematic canvases of the Bolshevik Revolution and its champions, glorification of the Soviet state and its leaders, portraits and genre scenes of happy workers and peasants and romanticized depictions of war and its heroes. Landscapes and still-life compositions were discouraged.

The narrow confines of socialist realism were widened somewhat after the death of I.Stalin, particularly during N.Khrushchev's cultural thaw. Artists such as R.Selsky, M.Selska, V.Manastyrsky, T.Yablonska, and V.Zaretsky turned to Ukrainian folk themes.

After the failure of the Ukrainian revolution in 1919-20 and after the Second World War a good number of Ukrainian painters became emigres and settled in the West. Many of them gained international prominence.

Ukrainian art of Soviet period is represented by many talented painters: T. Yablonska, Y.Bokshai, O. Shovkunenko and many others. M. Pryimachenko became a unique phenomenom having no analogues in world art. She is considered as a classic of Ukrainian folk art.

Changes brought about by glasnost and perestroika resulted. In greater creative freedom and a proliferation of styles and manners of depiction. Artists whose work had been suppressed (O.Zalyvakha, A.Antoniuk, O.Dubovyk, I.Marchuk, F.Humeniuk) had solo exhibitions. Many painters showed great inventiveness, including P.Hulyn from Uzhhorod, R.Romanyshyn and R.Zhuk from Lviv, M.Popov from Kharkiv, O.Tkachenko from Dnipropetrovsk, O.Nedoshytko and L.Diulfan from Odesa, and F.Tetianych, T.Silvashi, V.Budnykov, Ye.Hordiits, M.Heiko, B.Plaksii, and O.Babak from Kyiv. After decades of restraint and isolation artists in Ukraine are now free to continue the development of various artistic traditions and have prospects of rejoining the international artistic mainstream.

Present–day Ukrainian art is developing in harmony with world art. National theme remains topical in painting –in thematic and historical pictures, landscapes, associative and formalistic works.

Tick the facts that are not found in the reading.

1. One of the earliest portraits is a head of a young man (4th c. AD) on a stone slab.

2. Frescoes of the 11th c. have been found in Kyiv and Chernihiv.

3. Two surviving icons of the 13th-14th cc. were rendered in the Byzantine-Ukrainian tradition.

4. Gothic influences may be seen in some icons in the 15th c.

5. In the 17th c. Byzantine traditions gave way to baroque.

6. The secular theme and realistic representations remained strong in Ukrainian art until the imposition of socialist realism in the 1930s.

7. Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg (1757) cultivated the classical type of painting. *

8. In the 19th c. Western Ukrainian artists were influenced by European trends, in particular romanticism.

9. Impressionism stimulated an interest in urban scenery.

10. The early 20th-century avant-garde trend had an impact on Ukrainian painting.

11. Socialist realism was introduced in the 1930s.

12. Younger artists experimented with abstraction.

13. A good number of Ukrainian painters immigrated to Poland, France, Canada, Great Britain, the USA after the Second World War.

14. In the 1980s-90s new styles and manners of depiction began to flourish.

Answer the guestions:

1. What are the oldest surviving paintings in Ukraine?

2. Where have the frescoes from the medieval Rus been found?

3. When did the Galician School of icon painting emerge?

4. What style of painting began to develop in the 17th c.?

5. In what century did secular portrait painting emerge?

6. What style did Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg cultivate?

7. Who was considered to the father of modern Ukrainian painting?

8. What did T.Shevchenko paint?

9. Who were landscape painters of the 19th century?

10. What styles emerged and flourished in Ukraine in the 20th c.?

11. What art schools plaied an important role at the beginning of the 20^th century?

12. When was the Ukrainian State Academy of Arts established?

Translate:

a). icon painting, the oldest surviving paintings, fragments of frescoes, portable icons, the turbulent years, the Byzantine-Ukrainian tradition of icon painting, Galician school of icon painting, the personal interpretations, individual variations, Western influence, to introduce secular themes, three-dimensional forms, and movement in icons, portrait painting, separate genre , to cultivate the classicist style of painting, to contribute significantly to the development of art, the father of modern Ukrainian painting, to be influenced by the Peredvinzhniki society, the classicist traditions of the Academy, the direct impact on Ukrainian painting, to revive fresco painting, to gain international prominence, to continue the development of various artistic traditions, to have prospects of rejoining the international artistic mainstream.

b). 1. According to the Primary Chronicle portable icons were already being painted in the 10th and 11th centuries, but none so old have survived to our time.

2. The oldest extant icon from Kyiv, The Vyshhorod (Vladimir) Mother of God (12th century), which was of Greek origin, is now in the Tretiakov Gallery in Moscow.

3. During the Renaissance icons gradually lost their rigidity and became more realistic.

4. In Ukraine portrait painting as a separate genre emerged during the Renaissance (16th century) and was strongly influenced by the icon tradition.

5. The emigration of the Ukrainian artists to St. Petersburg deprived Ukrainian painting of its most creative talents.

6. During the 19th century landscape painting appeared as a separate genre.

7. Impressionism made itself felt in the work of several Kyiv artists who had worked in Paris, including P.Levchenko, A.Manevich, M.Burachek, O.Murashko, and the exceptionally versatile V.Krychevsky.

8. During the brief period of Ukrainian independence the Ukrainian State Academy of Arts (1917-22) was established in Kyiv.

9. In the 1930s all avant-garde activities in Soviet Ukraine came to a halt with the introduction of socialist realism as the only literary and artistic, method permitted by the communist regime.

10. Changes brought about by glasnost and perestroika resulted in greater creative freedom and a proliferation of styles and manners of depiction.