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34. Set out Scientific Management Theory.

Scientific management theory was developed in the early 20th century by Frederick W. Taylor. We will be exploring the primary principles of scientific management and some of its key contributors. You will also be given a chance to reinforce your knowledge with a short quiz.

Applications: Scientific management theory is important because its approach to management is found in almost every industrial business operation across the world. Its influence is also felt in general business practices such planning, process design, quality control, cost accounting, and ergonomics. Your knowledge of the theory will give you a better understanding of industrial management. You'll also understand how a manager can use quantitative analysis, an examination of numbers and other measurable data, in management to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of business operations.

Theorists: The founding father of scientific management theory is Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915). He was an American inventor and engineer. His two most important works were Shop Management (1903) and The Principles of Scientific Management (1911). The husband and wife team of Frank Gilbreth, Sr. and Lillian Moller Gilbreth contributed to the theory. This duo continued the practice of time and motion studies started by Taylor, believing they could find the best way to perform each task studied. Scientific management theory seeks to improve an organization's efficiency by systematically improving the efficiency of task completion by utilizing scientific, engineering, and mathematical analysis. The goal is to reduce waste, increase the process and methods of production, and create a just distribution of goods. This goal serves the common interests of employers, employees, and society. Taylor's view of workers.Taylor often expressed views of workers that may be considered insulting. He recognized differences between workers, stressed the need to select the right person for the right job, and championed the workers by advocating frequent breaks and good pay for good work. He often failed to conceal his condescending attitude towards less intelligent workers, describing them as "stupid" and comparing them to draft animals in that they have to have their tasks managed for them in order to work efficiently. Scientific management appealed to managers of planned economies because central economic planning relies on the idea that the expenses that go into economic production can be precisely predicted and can be optimized by design. The opposite theoretical pole would be laissez-faire thinking in which the invisible hand of free markets is the only possible "designer". In reality most economies today are somewhere in between. Another alternative for economic planning is Workers' self-management. Scientific management was one of the first attempts to systematically treat management and process improvement as a scientific problem. It may have been the first to do so in a "bottom-up" way and found a lineage of successors that have many elements in common. With the advancement of statistical methods, quality assurance and quality control began in the 1920s and 1930s. During the 1940s and 1950s, the body of knowledge for doing scientific management evolved into operations management, operations research, and management cybernetics. In the 1980s total quality management became widely popular, and in the 1990s "re-engineering" went from a simple word to a mystique. Today's Six Sigma and lean manufacturing could be seen as new kinds of scientific management, although their evolutionary distance from the original is so great that the comparison might be misleading. In particular, Shigeo Shingo, one of the originators of the Toyota Production System, believed that this system and Japanese management culture in general should be seen as a kind of scientific management. Six Sigma is a set of techniques and tools for process improvement for the quality of the output of a process by identifying and removing the causes of defects and minimizing variability in manufacturing and business processes. Scientific management, also called Taylorism is a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows. Its main objective is improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. It was one of the earliest attempts to apply science to the engineering of processes and to management. These include analysis; synthesis; logic; rationality; empiricism; work ethic; efficiency and elimination of waste; standardization of best practices; the transformation of craft production into mass production; and knowledge transfer between workers and from workers into tools, processes.

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