9.Identify the major developments in the evolution of management thought.
Evolution of Management Thought
The need to study management arose with the industrial revolution in Europe (more specifically, England).
The industrial revolution and the systematic study of management are the result of a remarkable confluence of ideas and events.
Management and organizations are products of their historical and social times and places.
CLASSICAL APPROACH:
• SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT focuses on the “one best way” to do a job.
• ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT focuses on the manager & basic managerial functions.
• BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEMENT focuses on the guidelines for structuring with formalization of rules, procedures and a clear division of labor.
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT Working in the steel industry, Taylor had observed the phenomenon of workers' purposely operating well below their capacity, that is, soldiering. Outdated methods of working handed down from generation to generation led to wasted efforts. Faulty wage system employed by the organization encouraged them to work at a slower pace. The almost universally held belief among workers that if they became more productive, fewer of them would be needed and jobs would be eliminated.
Administrative management
Henry Fayol was the main contributor to Administrative Management.
It is concerned with broad administrative principles applicable to the higher level functions.
Scientific Management focused on shop level activity or the lower level management, Administrative Management focuses on higher level managerial activities.
3.Bureaucratic management
• Bureaucratic Management is an important school of classical management, emphasized the need for organizations to function on rational basis.
• The term “bureaucracy” (derived from the German buro, meaning office) referred to organizations that operated on a rational basis.
• During 1800’s, European Org. were managed on a personal, family-like basis.
10.Describe the steps in the communication process.
Communication process consists of some interrelated steps or parts through which messages are sent form sender to receiver. The process of communication begins when the sender wants to transmit a fact, idea, opinion or other information to the receiver and ends with receiver’s feedback to the sender. The main components of communication process are sender, message, channel, receiver and feedback.
The
following diagram represents the communication process
Thus, it is clear that communication process is the set of some sequential steps involved in transferring message as well as feedback. The process requires a sender who transmits message through a channel to the receiver. Then the receiver decodes the message and sends back some type of signal or feedback.
Steps or elements of communication process
The communication process refers to the steps through which communication takes place between the sender and the receiver. This process starts with conceptualizing an idea or message by the sender and ends with the feedback from the receiver. In details, communication process consists of the following eight steps:
Developing idea by the sender: In the first step, the communicator develops or conceptualizes an idea to be sent. It is also known as the planning stage since in this stage the communicator plans the subject matter of communication.
Encoding: Encoding means converting or translation the idea into a perceivable form that can be communicated to others.
Developing the message: After encoding the sender gets a message that can be transmitted to the receiver. The message can be oral, written, symbolic or nonverbal. For example, when people talk, speech is the message; when people write a letter, the words and sentences are the message; when people cries, the crying is the message.
Selecting the medium: Medium is the channel or means of transmitting the message to the receiver. Once the sender has encoded his into a message, the next step is to select a suitable medium for transmitting it to the receiver. The medium of communication can be speaking, writing, signaling, gesturing etc.
Transmission of message: In this step, the sender actually transmits the message through chosen medium. In the communication cycle, the tasks of the sender end with the transmission of the message.
Receiving the message by receiver: This stage simply involves the reception of sender’s message by the receiver. The message can be received in the form of hearing, seeing, feeling and so on.
Decoding: Decoding is the receiver’s interpretation of the sender’s message. Here the receiver converts the message into thoughts and tries to analyze and understand it. Effective communication can occur only when both the sender and the receiver assign the same or similar meanings to the message.
Feedback: The final step of communication process is feedback. Feedback means receiver’s response to sender’s message. It increases the effectiveness of communication. It ensures that the receiver has correctly understood the message. Feedback is the essence of two-way communication.