- •1 Level (6 points)
- •History of the need for building materials
- •Cement production in the Republic of Kazakhstan
- •The history of obtaining and production cement
- •Economics of cement production
- •Determination of clinker, cement and additives introduced in the grinding
- •The composition of the raw meal. Equations 1-4
- •The composition of the raw meal. Equations 5-9
- •An overview of phase composition and quality phase of clinker
- •Portland cement clinker.
- •Chemical and mineralogical composition alite
- •Chemical and mineralogical composition of belite
- •Phase aluminate
- •Phase Ferrite
- •Other clinker phases
- •The composition and place of origin of the phases in portland cement clinker
- •Analysis of the raw meal, cement and clinker
- •Microscopic research of clinker
- •Recent developments in the use of X-rays
- •Petrographic analysis of clinker
- •Cement production
- •Raw materials and fuels in cement production
- •The raw materials of cement industry
- •Limestone and clay
- •A natural mixture of clay and limestone
- •Waste and their use in the cement industry
- •2 Level (6 points)
- •Mining, processing of raw materials, grinding of raw meal and homogenisation.
- •The blending warehouse of raw materials and its functions.
- •Development of the pile by rotary excavator
- •The process of burning cement clinker. General concepts
- •Chemical reactions during heat treatment of portland cement raw meal (main reaction clinker burning)
- •The dehydration of kaolinite
- •The reactions during the sintering
- •Reaction with cooling
- •Homogeneity of the raw meal
- •The process of burning cement clinker
- •Procedures for burning cement clinker
- •Decarbonizators with upward vertical gas flue.
- •The fuel in cement production
- •Clinker cooler
- •Cooler sf (Smidth-Fuller).
- •Storage of clinker
- •Cement Grinding
- •Milling equipment
- •The fineness of grinding and particle size distribution (grain) composition of the cement
- •Storage, packing, shipment cement to the consumer
- •The granulated blast furnace slag (s)
- •Pozzolan (p, q)
- •Natural pozzolanic additives (р)
- •Natural volcanic pozzolanic additives (q)
- •3 Level (8 points)
- •Fly ash rich in silica (V)
- •Lime ash dust (w)
- •Calcined shale (t)
- •Limestone (l, ll)
- •The quartz dust (d)
- •Small components
- •Calcium sulphate
- •The cement admixture
- •Cement according to standard
- •Physical and chemical properties of cements according to European standard
- •Cements with special properties
- •Well cement
- •Hydration
- •The reaction of silicates (c3s, c2s)
- •Hydration c3s
- •Hydration c2s
- •Reactions of hydration aluminate without participation of sulfates
- •Reactions hydration aluminate with participation sulphates
- •Hydration ferrite (c4af)
- •Taylor Model
- •Model Stark
- •The cement hydration
- •Reaction of the secondary components
- •Hydration of cement containing granulated slag
- •Reactions pozzolanic materials
- •4 Level (8 points)
- •Slowing solidification
- •Structure of a cement stone
- •Building lime
- •The historical and economic situation. Raw material deposits
- •Production and processing of limestone
- •Burning lime
- •Shaft kiln to coke (coal) and gas fuel
- •The rotary tube kiln
- •Counter current regenerative kiln (ggr-kiln)
- •Shaft ring kiln
- •Grinding and shipment of burnt lime
- •Slaked lime
- •The use of lime products
- •The requirements of stst 9179-79 to building lime
- •Gypsum. History and economy
- •Physical and chemical bases of gypsum binders
- •Phases in the system CaSo4 - h2o
- •The crystal structures, double salts, mixed crystals
- •Natural gypsum, natural anhydrite
- •The chemical gypsum
- •Uddg- gypsum
- •Production of calcium sulphate binders
- •Technological processes in the production of calcium sulphate binders
- •Autoclave method for producing α-hemihydrate
- •Gypsum boiling kettle for the production of ß-hemihydrate
- •5 Level (12 points)
- •The high temperature burning of gypsum method (multiphase gypsum) on the grate
- •Properties capable of hardening calcium sulphates
- •Hydration CaSo4-binding
- •Natural -, uusdg - and chemical anhydrite
- •The properties of the treated gypsum building materials
- •Other areas of application
- •The norms, chemical analysis and phase analysis
- •Gypsum Products
- •The requirements of gost 125-79 for the quality of construction gypsum
- •Other inorganic binding materials
- •Alumina cement
- •Production of alumina cement
- •Chemical and mineralogical composition of the alumina cement
- •Areas of use alumina cement
- •Softeners (plasticizers), added during the production concrete
- •Softeners (plasticizers), added to the concrete mix
- •Concrete
- •Mobile concrete plants
- •Concrete for precast concrete elements
- •Self-compacting concrete
- •Building mortar
- •Cement mortar
- •Plaster
- •Cementing deep wells
Hydration ferrite (c4af)
C4AF Hydration is one of today's least understood processes in the cement hydration. For example, it is unclear why the fine net C4AF reacted with water while C4AF in the cement composition reacts very slowly with water. The latter is difficult to explain the process. It is still unclear how the hardware is included in the hydration products. Here is a description of the two models, which are offered by the authors. The first of these describes Taylor developed the idea to ferriferous hydration ettringite (AFt = Alyuminatferrit - thiosulphate) and bisulfate; the second model is based on the latest research findings on the ESEM FA Finger - Institute for Materials Science in Weimar. In general, it was observed that with increasing iron content in the alumina ferrite (as C6AF2 in the mixed crystal series C2A .... C2F) hydration is slower
Model Taylor
However, hydrated C4AF products are kaltsievoalyuminatnoferritnymi hydrates. Analog C3A hydration composition depends on the content of sulfate. In the absence of sulphate carrier initially formed in accordance with the equation below gidroalyumoferrit calcium as an intermediate product and a mixture of iron and aluminum:
2S4AF + 32H → C4 (A, F) H13 + 2C2 (A, F) + (A, F) H3 Equation
Model Stark
According to this model, the relatively slow hydration C4AF explained by leaching aluminum from C4AF grains. This takes place in such a way that responds to an aluminate solution as well as with pure ettringite C3A via sulfate and Ca (OH) 2. It is formed of Al-depleted and, thus, Fe-enriched grains C4AF, which after a long hydration time were still visible in the microstructure. Since leaching is relatively slow, sulphate carrier, usually goes into solution quickly, it can lead to the temporary formation of a secondary microstructure in the solidified gypsum cement paste. This plaster disappears again as soon as further needs sulfate to form ettringite leached aluminate. As a result, hydration C4AF initially leads to the formation of Fe-free ettringite, which is converted to the bisulfate salt and a secondary gypsum later. Supported, among other things, we have the fact that, contrary to the idea of Taylor - is not iron hydroxide. To fully clarify C4AF hydration process certainly needed further research.
Taylor Model
C4AF Hydration is one of today's least understood processes in the cement hydration. For example, it is unclear why the fine net C4AF reacted with water while C4AF in the cement composition reacts very slowly with water. The latter is difficult to explain the process. It is still unclear how the hardware is included in the hydration products. Here is a description of the two models, which are offered by the authors. The first of these describes Taylor developed the idea to ferriferous hydration ettringite (AFt = Alyuminatferrit - thiosulphate) and bisulfate; the second model is based on the latest research findings on the ESEM FA Finger - Institute for Materials Science in Weimar. In general, it was noted that an increase in iron content in the alumina ferrite (as a mixed crystal C6AF2 series C2A .... C2F) is slower hydration [5, 121, 120, 133].
Model Taylor
However, hydrated C4AF products are kaltsievoalyuminatnoferritnymi hydrates. Analog C3A hydration composition depends on the content of sulfate. In the absence of sulphate carrier initially formed in accordance with the equation 22 gidroalyumoferrit calcium as an intermediate product and a mixture of iron and aluminum:
2S4AF + 32H → C4 (A, F) H13 + 2C2 (A, F) + (A, F) H3 Equation 22
The unstable intermediate products are converted in accordance with the equation 23 into crystals lamellar phases:
C4 (A, F) H13 + 2C2 (A, F) → 2C3 (A, F) H6 + 9H Equation 23
In the presence of sulphate carrier in a ferrous form ettringite during hydration initially (thiosulphate ferrite aluminate, AFt) and possibly later (depending on the listing sulfate) aluminate ferrite bisulfate (AFm) reaction occurs:
3C4AF + 12CsH2 + 110H → 4C3 (A, F) · 3CsH32 + 2 (A, F) H3 Equation 24
Eisenettringit, Aft
4C3 (A, F) · 3Cs · H32 + 3C4AF + 12CsH2 + 14H → 4C3 (A, F) ∙ CsH12 + 2 (A, F) H3 Eq th 25
Alyuminatferrit bisulfate, afm