The Night Uncle Bob Was Arrested

A.: Tell me the story about the night Uncle Bob was ar­rested.

В.: You don't really want to hear that old story again. 1 ______________told it to you a hundred times!

A.: I know. But I'd like to hear it again.

В.: Well, all right. I'll never forget the night they arrested your Uncle Bob for stealing a car. As soon as I heard he was in trouble, I called the police station because I knew he______been driving too fast, or he__________ missed a stop sign, but I just KNEW that he ______ stolen a car! I knew that the po­liceman ______arrested the wrong man. Later, we found out what really had happened. Your Uncle Bob couldn't find his keys and was trying to get into his car. The only way he could do that was by breaking the window. That's when the police arrived.

Your Uncle Bob_____ been so impatient. He ____ called me because I had the keys to his car all the time. He had left them at my house and_________forgotten them.

A.: That's my favourite story. Thanks for telling it.

B. What's the Word?

could have might have should have

couldn't have must have shouldn't have

1. I'm so hot! I shouldn't have. worn my winter coat today. I'm sorry I did.

2. Your house looks like new since the fire. _____________________spent a lot of time repairing it.

3. Michael___________________________taken us sailing on such a windy day.

We_________________________gotten seasick.

4. It was so dark in my basement that I fell down the stairs. I____________________________fixed that broken light.

5. Patty is crazy! She________________________gotten to New York any way she wanted. Why did she hitchhike?

6. I called Stuard's apartment all night and nobody answered me. He__________________gone out.

7. You______________________________swept the front porch. It looks so clear.

8. He_____________________________________stolen the car. He was with me all the time.

9. My washing machine is broken. The repairman said I never____________tries to wash four pairs of sneakers and five pairs of jeans at the same time.

Unit 7

Theme: Pronouns

Rules:

We can use you or one to mean ‘any person’ or ‘people in general’, including the speaker.

You (One) shouldn’t believe what you read in the newspapers.

Look at these examples:

We really enjoyed ourselves.

I hope the children behave themselves.

Just help yourself to sandwiches, won’t you?

Please make yourself at home.

I don’t want to be here left by myself.

Some verbs don’t take a reflexive pronoun. They are:

afford, approach, complain, concentrate, decide, fee l+ adjective, get up, hurry (up), lie down, meet, remember, rest, relax, sit down, stand up, wake up, wonder, worry,

F.e. I feel uncomfortable. Shall we meet at the cinema.

We don’t usually use a reflexive pronoun with change, dress and wash.

Daniel washed and changed before going out.

But we can use a reflexive pronoun when the action is difficult.

My friend is disabled, but she can dress herself

Who, whose, whom_t which and that are relative

pronouns. They introduce relative clauses.

The woman who lives next door is a doctor.

Who and whom are used for persons. Whose may be used for persons, animals and things. Which is used for animals and things. That is used for animals, things and may be used for persons.

The man who sits next to me is our boss.

A woman whom we had met before, greeted us.

The teacher whose son is my classmate teaches

English.

The animals which we saw on the farm were

very fat.

You are the only person that can help me.

We use whose to show possession.

The boy whose toys were very old was Susan's son.

We usually don't use prepositions before relative pro­nouns.

The girl whom she spoke to is my sister-in-law.

Whom is not often used in everyday English.

Exercise1. Join each pair of sentences in one sentence.

1. I saw a man. He was crossing the street.

2. I know a woman. She is a singer.

3. He lent me $ 1,000. He was so generous,

4. Leonardo Di Caprio is a famous actor. He starred in "Titanic".

5. I know the boy. He works on the farm.

6. This is a private house. It is guarded day and night.

7. I saw Rose. Her car had been damaged.

8. She is a widow. Her husband died two years ago.

9. I work at the post office. It is near my house.

Exercise2. Read the following facts about the accident and put in the missing relative pronouns.

The lorries were following the coast road ... goes from Shaldon to Mardencombe. The second lorry was loaded with cages full of pigeons. However, the driver hadn't locked all the cages properly. There were a number of cars behind the lorries. When they reached a part of the road ... was extremely narrow, a driver... wanted to over­take the lorries suddenly pulled out While he was over­taking, he noticed the cars ... were coming the other way. He stepped on the brake, he skidded and overturned The lorry ... was loaded with pigeons tried to avoid him and crashed into a tree while the first lorry drove on. The cages ... the driver hadn't locked properly broke open and about 50 pigeons flew away. A woman ... had seen the accident called an ambulance because the driver ... lorry had hit the tree was badly injured.

Unit 8

Theme: Articles

Rules:

A Only with indefinite singular countable nouns one case with proper names	THE Both singular and plural definite nouns some proper names	0 Abstract and uncountable + indefinite plural nouns most proper names.
1 Smth. indefinite without details. I bought a book yesterday. 2 Noun is a part of compound predicate. This is a pen. He is a doctor. 3 If there’s an adjective before the noun. I live in a small flat. 4 In the meaning of “любой”, “всякий”. A child can do it. 5 In the meaning of “один”. A week or two passed. 6 Exclamations. What a nice day! (But What nasty weather! – “weather” is an uncountable noun) 7 After such, quite, rather. He’s such a clever man! 8 Price, distance and frequency. 80 p a kilo; 100 km an hour; once a day. 9 With “indefinite” illnesses. Get a cold; get a headache; get a score throat. 10 With uncountable nouns in the meaning of “portion”. Would you like an ice cream? 11 With names = “какой-то”. A Mrs Smith is waiting for you.	1 Smth definite. Look! The water is boiling! 2 Mostly before “of-phrases”. The title of this book is “War and Peace.” 3 Unique things. The Universe, the Earth 4 With substantivized adjectives: the old-старики 5 with superlative degree: He’s the best dancer. 6. With same, wrong, right, very (самый),last, only, whole. You are the very person I need. 7. Musical instruments: I like playing the guitar. 8.Rivers, lakes, canals, channels, seas, oceans, deserts. the Baikal (lake Baikal) 9. Groups of islands, chains of mountains. the Alps. 10. Museums, theatres, cinemas, newspapers. the Times, the Bolshoy 11. Family names the Smiths 12. The=тот самый Is he a Sheldon who is a writer?	1. With uncountable and plural countable nouns in general statements. I like ice cream. 2. With abstract and material nouns. Blood is thicker than water. 3. Names of meals in general. I have breakfast at 9 in the morning. But: Do you remember the dinner(определенный)we had when we first met? 4.With school, university, jail, prison, college, hospital, church,court, home, work, bed – when they are used in general and refer to certain actions. They go church on Sundays. They went to the church to see the icons. 5.Illnesses. He got pneumonia and went to hospital. 6.Proper names.

Exercise1. Insert a or an if necessary.

1 My neighbour is . . . photographer; let's ask him for . . . advice about colour films.

2 We had . . . fish and . . . chips for . . . lunch. ~ That doesn't sound . . . very interesting lunch.

3 I had . . . very bad night; I didn't sleep . . . wink.

4 He is . . . vegetarian; you won't get . . . meat at his house. He'll give you . . . nut cutlet. ~Last time I had . . . nut cutlet I had . . . indigestion.

5 . . . travel agent would give you . . . information about . . . hotels.

6 We'd better go by . . . taxi—if we can get . . . taxi at such . . . hour as 2 a.m.

7 . . . person who suffers from . . . claustrophobia has . . . dread of being confined in . . . small space, and would always prefer . . . stairs to . . . lift.

8 Do you take . . . sugar in . . . coffee? ~ I used to, but now I'm on . . . diet. I'm trying to lose . . . weight.

9 . . . man suffering from . . . shock should not be given anything to drink.

10 You'll get . . . shock if you touch . . . live wire with that screwdriver. Why don't you get . . . screwdriver with . . . insulated handle?

Exercise2. Insert the if necessary.

1 . . . youngest boy has just started going to . . . school; . . . eldest boy is at . . . college.

2 She lives on . . . top floor of an old house. When . . . wind blows, all . . . windows rattle.

3 . . . darkness doesn't worry . . . cats; . . . cats can see in . . . dark.

4 My little boys say that they want to be . . . spacemen, but most of them will probably end up in . . . less dramatic jobs.

5 Do you know . . . time? ~

Yes, . . . clock in . . . hall has just struck nine. ~ Then it isn't . . . time to go yet.

6 He was sent to . . . prison for . . . six months for . . . shop-lifting.

When . . . six months are over he'll be released; . . . difficulty then will be to find . . . work. ~ Do you go to . . . prison to visit him?

7 I went to . . . school to talk to . . . headmistress. I persuaded her to let Ann give up . . . gymnastics and take . . . ballet lessons instead.

8 . . . ballet isn't much use for . . . girls; it is much better to be able to play . . . piano.

9 I am on... night duty. When you go to . . . bed, I go to . . . work.

10 Peter's at . . . office but you could get him on . . . phone. There's a telephone box just round . . . corner

Exercise3. Insert a, an or the if necessary.

1 There was . . . knock on . . . door. I opened it and found . . . small dark man in . . . blue overcoat and . . . woollen cap.

2 He said he was . . . employee of . . . gas company and had come to read . . . meter.

3 But I had . . . suspicion that he wasn't speaking . . . truth because . . . meter readers usually wear . . . peaked caps.

4 However, I took him to . . . meter, which is in . . . dark corner under . . . stairs

(. . . meters are usually in . . . dark corners under . . . stairs).

5 I asked if he had . . . torch; he said he disliked torches and always read . . . meters by . . . light of . . . match.

6 I remarked that if there was . . . leak in . . . gaspipe there might be . . . explosion while he was reading . . . meter.

7 He said, 'As . . . matter of . . . fact, there was . . . explosion in . . . last house I visited; and Mr Smith, . . . owner of . . . house, was burnt in . . . face.'

8 'Mr Smith was holding . . . lighted match at . . . time of . . . explosion.'

9 To prevent . . . possible repetition of this accident, I lent him . . . torch.

10 He switched on . . . torch, read . . . meter and wrote . . . reading down on . . . back of . . . envelope.

11 I said in . . . surprise that . . . meter readers usually put . . . readings down in . . . book.

12 He said that he had had . . . book but that it had been burnt in . . . fire in . . . Mr Smith's house.

13 By this time I had come to . . . conclusion that he wasn't . . . genuine meter reader; and . . . moment he left . . . house I rang . . . police.

14 Are John and Mary . . . cousins? ~ No, they aren't . . . cousins; they are . . . brother and . . . sister.

15 . . . fog was so thick that we couldn't see . . . side of . . . road. We followed . . . car in front of us and hoped that we were going . . . right way.

16 I can't remember . . . exact date of . . . storm, but I know it was . . . Sunday because everybody was at . . . church. On . . . Monday . . . post didn't come because . . . roads were blocked by . . . fallen trees.

17 Peter thinks that this is quite . . . cheap restaurant.

18 There's been . . . murder here. ~ Where's . . . body?~ There isn't . . . body. ~ Then how do you know there's been . . . murder?

19 Number . . . hundred and two, - . . house next door to us, is for sale. It's quite . - . nice house with . . . big rooms. . . . back windows look out on . . . park.

20 I don't know what . . . price . . . owners are asking. But Dry and Rot are . . . agents. You could give them . . . ring and make them . . . offer.

Unit 9

Theme: The sequence of tenses

Rules:

The sequence of tenses is used when someone’s words are reported. The rules of the Sequence of Tenses are observed in subordinate object, subject, predicative, appositive clause.

The rules of the sequence of tenses are compulsory:

• If the action of the subordinate clause is simultaneous with that of the principal clause, the Past Simple or the Past Progressive is used in the object clause .

F.e: He said that he lived in Rome.

• If the action of the subordinate clause precedes that of the principal clause, the Past Perfect or the Past Perfect Progressive is used in the subordinate clause .

F.e: I knew you had left the city..

• If the action of the subordinate clause refers to the future, the Future-in-the Past is used.

F.e: We hoped she would soon be better

The rules of the sequence of tenses are optional when reference is made to the actual present time or the actual future time. This use is found in dialogues,time,the actual future time.

F.e: He said he doesn’t ever want to see you.

If the direct question begins with a question word (when, where…..)

The question word is repeated in the direct question.

F.e: “Is anyone there?” he asked. He said if anyone was there.

Exercise1. Translate into English.

Черный тюльпан

Много лет назад жил в Нидерландах, на окраине Гаа­ги, ничем не примечательный (unremarkable) человек по имени Ганс. Он был сапожником по профессии и к тому же очень хорошим. Голландцы, как известно, очень любят цветы, они в особенности славятся своими тюльпанами. И Ганс не был исключением. В течение многих лет он выращивал различные виды тюльпанов, пока в один прекрасный день не увидел в своем саду необыкновенный тюльпан. Он был черный. Никто раньше не выращивал черные тюльпаны, и Ганс очень гордился своим удивительным цветком. Новости, как вы знаете, распространяются очень быстро. И новость об уникальном цветке стала известна во всей стране. Многие хотели купить луковицу черного тюльпана, но сапожник-садовник и слушать об этом не хотел, хотя и очень нуждался в деньгах.

Однажды приехали к Гансу люди, которые предложи­ли ему столько денег, сколько он не заработал за всю свою жизнь, хотя он всегда был очень искусным мас­тером и трудолюбивым человеком. Ганс думал несколь­ко дней и сказал, что продаст луковицу. И неудиви­тельно! Ведь в то время, а именно в 1670 году, на эти деньги можно было купить несколько домов. Только после того, как он получил деньги и пересчитал их, он отдал этим людям свое сокровище. Не успели незна­комцы получить луковицу, как они бросили ее на зем­лю и стали топтать, пока от нее ничего не осталось. «Что вы делаете? Вы что, с ума сошли? — закричал потрясенный Ганс. — Я всю жизнь трудился, чтобы вырастить это чудо, а вы его уничтожили!» «Глупец, — ответили ему, — мы были готовы заплатить тебе в два раза больше. Дело в том, что мы тоже вырастили чер­ный тюльпан, но мы не хотим никаких конкурентов в этой стране!» Когда Ганс услышал, что он упустил шанс получить в два раза больше денег, чем те, что ему дали, он сошел с ума. Ну, а черные тюльпаны перестали со временем быть редкостью. Наиболее известные их сор­та называются: «Королева ночи», «Черная красавица», «Черная магия», «Черный герой».

Unit 10

Theme: Complex and Compound sentences.

Rules:

The sentence is a unit of speech which expresses a complete thought, and has a correct grammatical form and intonation.

A compound sentence consists two or more coordinated simple sentences

F.e:It was late, and I was tired.

A compound sentence consists of a principal clause and of one or more subordinate clauses.

F.e:Nobody knows when she will come back.

A sentence may have main and secondary members. The main members of the sentence are: the Subject and the Predicate

F.e:He works at school.(He-the subject, works-the predicate.)

The secondary members of the sentence are: the Object, the Attribute, the Adverbial modifier.

The Object denotes a person or a thing to which the action is directed

F.e: Tell me your secret.(tell me-indirect object, your secret-direct speech)

The Attribute qualifies the nouns of the sentence.

F.e:I have some work to do(to do-attribute)

The Adverbial modifier characterizes action, state or quality of the sentence, denoting the time, place, manner, degree of the action.

F.e: Last night I had a strange dream.

Exercise1. Classify each of the sentences below according to their structure:

1 Great Britain is a small island, but it is rich in minerals.2 I know that he is in London now.3 Ask her where he is now.4 Alice, Joy and David came in. 5To know everything is to know nothing. 6 Don’t forget!

Exercise2. a) Point out the subjects and say what they are expressed by.

1 A stranger came up to their table. 2 Who could live without water. 3 She went out of the room. 4 There is a lamp on the table.

b) Discriminate between verbal and nominal predicates.

1 He went home after the lecture. 2 the voice sounded cheerful.3 The roses smell sweet.4 He must post the letter at once

Exercise3. a) Point out the objects and what kind they are..

1 She gives Charlie a glass of milk every day. 2 I see a picture over there. 3 He was afraid of the dark. 4 They ate everything on the table.

b) Point out the attributes in the following sentences and say what kind they are.

1 He got a long letter from his school friend. 2 There are two broken chairs in the room. 3 We took a late train to Riga. 4 He picked up the letter lying on the floor.

c) Point out the adverbial modifiers in the following sentences. State their type and say what they are expressed by.

1 We reached the town in the morning. 2 I called on Bob to ask him about our exams. 3 He likes to walk fast. 4 He looked at me strangely. 5 I met Nancy on my first day at University.