4. Read and translate the text. Brakes. Suspension

When the brake pedal is pushed down, it forces oil (hydraulic fluid) through small pipes. These pipes lead to the brakes. A drum is fixed to each wheel. This goes round with the wheel. The fluid forces the brake shoe to rub against the drum.

There are also disc brakes. A metal disc is fixed to each wheel. The fluid forces a pad to rub against the disc.

The friction between the brake shoe and the drum, or the pad and the disc slows down the wheel. Springs on the axle give a smooth movement to the car body. Two kinds of springs are used. They are leaf springs and coil springs. Leaf springs are usually on back axles. Coil springs are on front axles.

Shock absorbers filled with oil also help. These go in and out like telescopes.

Alternators. Many modern cars do not have a dynamo. They have an alternator. The alternator is usually at the same place as a dynamo. The fan belt turns the alternator. The flow of electricity from a dynamo is direct current (DC). From an alternator it is an alternating current (AC). The alternating current is changed to the direct current for the battery. The current from the alternator is very strong. Its flow to the battery is controlled by a regulator.

Diesel engines. Many lorries and some cars have diesel engines. They use diesel oil, not petrol. The diesel engine has no carburettor and no electrical system to make a spark. It has no sparking plugs. One piston stroke sucks air only into the cylinder. The next stroke compresses the air in a small combustion chamber. The air is very hot. A drop of oil is forced into the chamber. It mixes with the hot air and burns. The energy released forces the piston down. The next stroke is the exhaust stroke.

Front wheel drive. In some cars the engine turns the front wheels.

Rear engine car. In some cars the engine is at the back of the car. Both cars have the usual transmission system. They have no long propeller shaft because the engine is close to the wheels.

5. Answer the questions:

1) What is the difference between the dynamo and alternator?

2) Why do diesel engines have no sparking plugs?

6.Choose the pairs of word combinations:

l.car body

2.disc brake

3.shock absorber

4.alternating current

5.diesel oil

6.combustion chamber

7.direct current

8.front wheel drive

9.rear engine car

10.brake shoe

a) дизельне пальне

b) гальмова колодка

c) камера горіння

d) кузов автомобіля

e) постійний струм

f) дискові гальма

g) автомобіль із заднім розташуванням двигуна

h) амортизатор

i) перемінний струм

j) передній привід

7. Find the synonym in the row of words:

1) fluid - gear; shaft; lever; liquid

2) voltage - electrical pressure; handbrake; dynamo; shock absorber

3) lorry - stroke; current; truck; light

4) to change - to close; to transform; to fill; to use