5.10. Classification of Kingdom Animalia

Subkingdom 1. Protozoa, Одноклітинні тварини

Single Phylum: PROTOZOA, Найпростіші

Class 1. Flagellata (Mastigophora), Джгутиконосці [Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Leptomonas, Trichomonas]

Class 2. Rhizopoda, Корененіжки

Order 1. Amoebina, Амеби [Amoeba, Entamoeba]

Order 2. Testacea, Раковинні корененіжки [Arcella]

Order 3. Foraminifera, Форамініфери [Polystomella]

Order 4. Heliozoa, Сонячники [Actinosphaerium]

Order 5. Radiolaria, Радіолярії [Thalassicola, Nodulina]

Class 3. Sporozoa, Споровики [Gregarina, Corycella, Eimeria, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma]

Class 4. Ciliata, Інфузорії [Paramaecium, Tetrahymena, Didinium, Epistylis, Stentor]

Subkingdom 2. METAZOA, Багатоклітинні тварини

Phylum 1. PORIFERA, Губки

Phylums 2-3: СOELENTERATA, Кишковопорожнинні

Phylum 2. CNIDARIA, Стрекаючі кишковопорожнинні

Class 1. Hydrozoa, Гідрозої [прісноводні поліпи (Hydra, Tubularia), сифонофори (Physophora), etc.]

Class 2. Scyphozoa, Сцифоїдні медузи [Aurelia]

Class 3. Anthozoa, [Коралові поліпи (Corallium), актинії (Actinia), морське перо (Pennatula)]

Phylum 3. ACNIDARIA Гребневики [Pleurobrachia, Beroё]

Phylums 4-23: COELOMATA (Bilateria), Вториннопорожнинні тварини

A. PROTOSTOMIA, Первиннороті (Gastroneuralia)

Phylums 4-9: SCOLECIDA, Нищі черви

Phylum 4: PLATHELMINTHES, Плоскі черви

Class 1. Turbellaria, Війчасті черви [Planaria, Dendrocoelum]

Class 2. Trematodes, Сисуни [двуустки (Fasciola, Dicrocoelium) and others]

Class 3. Cestodes, Стьожкові черви [Echinocoсcus, Taenia]

Phylum 5. MESOZOA [Dicyema, Rhopalura]

Phylum 6. GNATHOSTOMULIDA [Gnathostomula]

Phylum 7. NEMERTINI, Немертини [Cerebratulus, Lineus]

Phylum 8. NEMATHELMINTHES (Aschelminthes), Круглі черви

Class 1. Rotatoria, Коловратки [Pterodina, Rotifer]

Class 2. Acanthosephala, Скребні [Echinorhynсhus]

Class 3. Gastrotricha, Черевовійчасті черви [Chaetonotus]

Class 4. Nematoda, Нематоди [Anguina, Enterobium, Ascaris, Parascaris]

Class 5. Nematomorpha, Волосатики [Gordium]

Class 6. Kinorhyncha [Echinoderes]

Class 7. Priapulida, Пріапуліди [Priapulus]

Phylum 9. ENTOPROCTA (Kamptozoa), Внутрішньопорошицеві [Loxosoma, Pedicelina]

Phylum 10. MOLLUSCA, Молюски

Subphylum 1. Amphineura, Боконервові [Chiton]

Subphylum 2. Conchifera

Class 1. Monoplacophora [Neopilina]

Class 2. Gastropoda, Черевоногі (Равлики)

Subclass 1. Prosobranchia (Streptoneura), Передньозяброві [Neretina, Pleurotomaria, Cypraea]

Subclass 2. Opisthobranchia, Задньозяброві [Clio, Adalaria]

Subclass 3. Pulmonata, Легеневі [Helix, Limax]

Class3. Lamellibranchiata (Bivalvia), Двостулкові [Nucula, Mytilus (мідія), Ostrea (устриця), Anodonta (беззубка), Teredo (корабельний черв)]

Class 4. Scaphopoda, Лопатоногі [Dentalium]

Class 5. Сephalopoda, Головоногі [Nautilus, Sepia, Octopus]

Phylum 11. SIPUNCULIDA, Сіпункуліди [Sipunculus]

Phylums 12-17: ARTICULATA, Членисті

Phylum 12. ANNELIDA, Кільчасті черви

Class 1. Polychaeta, Багатощетинкові [Nereis, Eunice, Arenicola]

Class 2. Myzostomida, Музостоміди [Myzostoma]

Class 3. Clitellata, Пояскові

Order 1. Oligochaeta, Малощетинкові [Stylaria, дощовий черв Lumbricus]

Order 2. Hirudinea, Пиявки [Piscicola, Hirudo]

Phylum 13. ECHIURIDA, Ехіуриди [Bonellia]

Phylum 14. PENTASTOMIDA (Linguatulida), Язичкові (П’ятиустки) [Linguatula]

Phylum 15. TARDIGRADA, Тихоходки [Macrobiotus, Milnecium]

Phylum 16. ONYCHOPHORA, Оніхофори [Peripatus]

Phylum 17. ARTHROPODA, Членистоногі

Subphylum 1. Trilobitomorpha

Single Class: Trilobita, Трилобіти [Ogmasaphus]

Subphylum 2. Chelicerata, Хелицерові

Class 1. Merostomata

Single Modern Order: Xiphosura, Мечехвости [Limulus]

Class 2. Arachnida, Павукоподібні [скорпіони (Euscorpius), павуки (Araneus, Liphistius, Epiblemum), сінокосці (Opilio), кліщі (Acarus, Ixodes)]

Class 3. Pantopoda, Морські павуки [Nymphon, Pycnogonum]

Subphylum 3. Diantennata (Branchiata)

Single Class: Crustacea, Ракоподібні. 10 subclasses

Subclass 1. Cephalocarida [Hutchinsoniella]

Subclass 3. Phyllopoda, Листоногі [Daphnia, Triops]

Subclass 6. Copepoda, Веслоногі [Culanus,Cyclops]

Subclass 9. Cirripedia, Вусоногі [морські жолуді (Balanus), морські качки (Lepas)]

Subclass 10. Malacostraca, Вищі раки [Anaspides, мокриця Porcellio, Euphausia, креветка Crangon, річковий рак Astacus, краб Carcinus]

Subphylum 4. Tracheata.

Class 1.Chilopoda (Opisthogoneata), Губоногі [Scolopender, Lithobius]

Class 2. Progoneata, Двопарноногі [Julus, Pauropus]

Class 3. Insecta (Hexapoda), Комахи

Subclass 1. Diplura, Двохвостки [Campodea]

Subclass 2. Protura, Бессяжкові [Eosentomom]

Subclass 3. Collembola, Ногохвостки [Podura, Anurida]

Subclass 4. Archaeognatha, [Petrobius]

Subclass 6. Pterygota, Крилаті комахи. Бабки, таргани, терміти, воші, цикади, тля, жуки, метелики, двокрилі, блохи.

Phylum 18. TENTACULATA, Щупальцеві

Class 1. Phoronidea, Фороніди [Phoronis]

Class 2. Bryozoa, Мшанки [Plumatella, Electra]

Class 3. Brachiopoda, Плеченогі [Lingula, Terebratula]

B. DEUTEROSTOMIA, Вториннороті (Notoneuralia)

Phylum 19. HEMICHORDATA (Branchiotremata)

Class 1. Enteropneusta, Кишково-дихаючі [Balanoglossus]

Class 2. Pterobranchia [Сephalodiscus, Rhabdopleura]

Phylum 20. ECHINODERMATA, Голкошкірі: безстеблеві і стеблеві морські лілії [Antedon, Metacrinus], голотурії [Holothuria], морські їжаки [Echinus], морські зірки [Asterias], змієхвостки [Ophiura].

Phylum 21. POGONOPHORA, Погонофори [Siboglinum]

Phylum 22. CHAETOGNATHA, Щетинкощелепні [Sagitta, Spadella]

Phylum 23. CHORDATA, Хордові

Subphylum 1. Tunicata, Оболонники: апендикулярії [Oikopleura], сальпи [Salpa, Thalia], асцидії [Ciona, Ascidia].

Subphylum 2. Acrania, Бесчерепні [ланцетник Branchiostoma (Amphioxus)]

Subphylum 3. Vertebrata, Хребетні

Superclass 1. Agnatha, Безщелепні

Class 1. Ostracodermi [Drepanaspis]

Class 2. Cyclostomata, Круглороті: міксини [Myxine], міноги [Petromyzon, Lampetra].

Superclass 2. Gnathostoma, Щелепоногі

Class 1. Placodermi [Dinichthys]

Class 2. Acanthodii [Acanthodes]

Class 3. Chondrichthyes, Хрящові риби: акули [Hexanthus], скати [Raja], химери [Chimaera].

Class 4. Osteichthyes, Кісткові риби:

Subclass 1. Actinopterygii, Променепері риби. Three Superorders.

Superorder 3. Teleostei, Справжні кісткові риби. More than 30 orders. [Clupea (оселедець), Cyprinus (карп), Electrophorus (електричний угорь), Macropodus, Gasterosteus (колюшка)].

Subclass 2. Polypteriformes (Brachiopterygii) [Polypterus]

Subclass 3. Dipnoi, Двоякодихаючі [Protopterus]

Subclass 4. Crossopterygii, Кистепері [Latimeria].

Class 5. Amphibia, Земноводні.

Subclass 1. Labyrinthodonta [Mastodonsaurus, Ichthyostega]

Subclass 2. Lepospondyli [Microbrachis].

Subclass 3. Lissamphibia

Order 1. Anura, Безхвості земноводні: зелені жаби [Xenopus, Rana], бурі жаби [Bufo], жерлянки [Bombinator].

Order 2. Urodela, Хвостаті земноводні: тритони [Motge, Triturus], саламандри [Salamandra], протеи [Proteus].

Order 3. Apoda (Gymnophiona), Рибозмії, червяги [Ichthyophis, Coecilia].

Class 6. Reptilia, Плазуни

Subclass 1. Lepidosauria

Order 1. Eosuchia [Thalassosaurus]

Order 2. Rhynchocephalia, Клювоголові [Sphenodon].

Order 3. Squamata (Plagiotremata), Ящірки і змії [Lacerta, Python, Vipera, Gekko, Iguana, Draco (агама), Anguis (веретениця), Varanus].

Subclass 2. Archosauria

Order 1. Chelonia (Testudines), Черепахи [Testudo, Chelonia].

Order 2. Thecodontia [Euparkeria]

Order 3. Crocodilia, Крокодили [Crocodilus, Alligator].

Order 4. Pterosauria, Крилаті ящірки [Pterodactylus, Pteranodon].

Order 5. Saurischia [Tyrannosaurus]

Order 6. Ornithischia [Stegosaurus]

Subclass 3. Theromorpha, Звіроподібні рептилії [Varanosaurus, Cynognathus].

Class 7. Aves, Птахи. 28 Orders: Пінгвіни, Страуси, Ківі, Гагари, Голенасті, Гусеподібні, Денні хижі птахи, Курячі, Голуби, Папуги, Сови, Горобцеві, Дятли.

Class 8. Mammalia, Ссавці.

Subclass 1. Prototheria

Single Modern Order: Monotremata Однопрохідні [Ornithorhynchus, Echidna]

Subclass 2. Theria

Superorder 1. Metatheria

Single Modern Order: Marsupialia, сумчаті [macropus].

Superorder 2. Eutheria.

Order 1. Insectivora, Комахоїдні [Setifer, Talpa, erinaceus].

Order 2. Galeopitheciae (Dermoptera). Шерстокрилі [galeopithecus].

Order 3. Chiroptera, Рукокрилі [Vespertilio, Plecotus].

Order 4. Primates, Примати [Lemur,Macacus, Gorilla, Homo].

Order 5. Carnivora, Хижі [Ursus, Canis, Felis, Mungos, Phoca].

Order 6. Perissodactyla, Непарнокопитні [Tapirus, Equus].

Order 7. Artiodactyla, Парнокопитні [Sus, Camelus, Giraffa].

Order 8. Hyracoidea, Дамани [Hyrax].

Order 9. Proboscidea, Хоботні [Elephas, Mammontheus (мамонт)].

Order 10. Sirenia, Сирени [Dugong, Manatus].

Order 11. Cetacea, Китоподібні [Balaena, Physeter, Delphinus].

Order 12. Edentata, (Xenarthra) Неповнозубі: броненосці (Dasypus), лінивці (Bradypus), мурахоїди (Myrmecophaga).

Order 13. Tubulidentata, Трубкозубі [Orycteropus (трубкозуб)].

Order 14. Pholidota, Ящіри [Manis].

Order 15. Rodentia, Гризуни [Castor, Lemmus, Rattus, Mus].

Order 16. Lagomorpha (Duplicidentata), Зайцеподібні [Lepus].

Summary and test questions

Test questions - 1

1. How do we classify protozoans? Describe the main representatives of each class.

2. What diseases are caused by protists?

Class Sporozoa (parasitic protozoa).

3. Describe the structure of protozoans.

4. Describe the class Mastigophora.

5. Describe the class Sarcodina.

6. Describe the class Ciliophora.

7. Describe animal-like protists.

8. How can protists reproduce?

Test questions - 2

1. What are invertebrates? Give general description of simple invertebrates.

8. What is the function of each cell layer in a sponge?

3. How many tissues are found in coelenterates?

4. How are coelenterates more complex than sponges?

5. Describe the three main classes of coelenterates.

6. What are the main characteristics of the endoderm and ectoderm layers of freshwater hydra?

7. What are the main peculiarities of structure and nourishment of hydra? Show its similarity to protists.

8. What is the structure of hydra’s nervous system?

9. What is cnidoblast?

10. How do coelenterates reproduce?

11. What structure do coelenterates have?

12. What way are hydras, jellyfish, sea anemones and corals different?

Test questions - 3

1. Give main characteristics of the Phylum Plathelmintes.

2. Recount the main features of the roundworms.

3. What is the structure, and the main representatives of segmented worms? Why are they important?

4. What are the basic characteristics of flatworms?

5. What is the difference between many-cilia and little-cilia worms?

6. Outline the life cycle of the pork tapeworm?

Test questions - 4

1. What classes can mollusks be grouped into? Describe their special structures.

2. How do mollusks protect themselves?

3. How are the cephalopods different from other mollusks?

4. What do different mollusks feed on?

5. What are the three features of the octopus that enable it to lead a predatory way of life?

1. Describe the respiration in a coelenterate, an earthworm, an aquatic snail.

Test questions - 5

1. How do we classify arthropods? Recount the main features of their external structure.

2. In what two ways are all arthropods alike?

3. What do crustaceans have in common? How do they differ from other arthropods?

4. For what purpose does the spider use its web?

5. Why are insects so widespread?

6. What are the three body divisions of insects?

7. What is a social behavior of insects? What kinds of social insects do you know?

8. What are the three stages of incomplete metamorphosis?

9. What are the four stages of complete metamorphosis?

10. How can insects be beneficial to humans?

Test questions - 6

1. Recount the main features of Phylum Chordata and subphylum Vertebrata.

2. Give characteristics of the two main classes of fish.

3. How does an endoskeleton differ from exoskeleton?

4. How does a closed circulatory system differ from an open one?

5. How are vertebrate nervous systems different from invertebrate nervous systems?

6. How do fish move and get oxygen in water?

1. What is spawning?

Test questions - 7

1. Name the three orders of amphibians and give an example of each.

2. How does temperature affect amphibians?

3. What are some differences between frogs and toads?

4. In what ways do salamanders differ from lizards?

5. Describe habitats preferred by land salamanders.

Test questions - 8

1. In what ways do salamanders differ from lizards?

2. What are the four main groups of reptiles? What common features do they have?

1. How are reptiles different from amphibians in reproduction?

2. What is the structure and function of the reptile’s heart?

3. In what ways do snakes help people?

4. Tell the difference between the ectothermic and endothermic animals.

5. What are the differences between alligators and crocodiles?

6. How do the limbs of reptiles differ from those of amphibians?

Test questions - 9

1. Describe the ways in which many birds are built for flight.

2. What is the advantage of maintaining the constant body temperature?

3. How do birds differ from other vertebrates?

4. What are the ways birds are helpful and harmful for humans?

5. What kind of structure do birds have?

Test questions - 10

1. Give general description of the class Mammalia. What animals do they descend from?

2. How are monotremes different from other mammals and similar to the reptiles?

3. What are the main characteristics of marsupials?

4. How are placentas different from other mammals? What is placenta?

5. Recount the features of the main Orders of Mammals.

6. What are hoofed mammals?

7. What are primates?

8. What are carnivores?

9. What are rodents?

10. Explain how different mammals are adapted to different environments and food. Give relevant examples.

General questions

1. How do we classify protozoans? Describe the main representatives of each class.

2. What diseases are caused by protests? Class Sporozoa (parasitic protozoa).

3. Describe the structure of protozoans.

4. Describe the class Mastigophora.

5. Describe the class Sarcodina.

6. Describe the class Ciliophora.

7. Describe animal-like protists.

8. What are the ways protists reproduce?

9. What are invertebrates? Describe generally simple invertebrates.

10. What is the job of each cell layer in a sponge?

11. How many tissues are found in coelenterates?

12. How are coelenterates more complex than sponges?

13. Describe the three main classes of coelenterates.

14. What are the main characteristics of the endoderm and ectoderm layers of freshwater hydra?

15. What are the main pecularities in structure and nourishment of hydra? Describe its similarity with protests.

16. What is the structure of hydra nerve system?

17. What is cnidoblast?

18. How do coelenterates reproduce?

19. What kind of structure do coelenterates have?

20. In what way are hydras, jellyfish, sea anemones and corals different?

21. Determine the main characteristics of the Phylum Plathelminthes.

22. Recount the main features of the Roundworms.

23. The structure, importance and the main representatives of segmented worms.

24. What is double-sided symmetry? Why is it different from the radial symmetry?

25. What animals are called self-fertilizers?

26. What is the life cycle?

27. How can understanding the life cycles of parasites help us control some diseases?

28. Outline the life cycle of the pork tapeworm.

29. What is the difference between many-cilia and little-cilia worms?

30. What classes do mollusks consist of? Describe their special structures.

31. Describe respiration in a coelenterate, an earthworm, an aquatic snail.

32. How do we classify arthropods? Recount the main features of their external structure.

33. Methamorphosis, social behavior and wide-spreading of insects.

34. Describe the class Crustacea’s respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems.

35. How do mollusks protect themselves?

36. What is the function of an echniderm’s spiny skin?

37. What classes do mollusks consist of?

38. What is a closed circulatory system? An open one?

21. Recount the main features of Phylum Chordata and subphylum Vertebrata.

22. Determine the characteristics of the two main classes of fish.

23. How does an endoskeleton differ from exoskeleton?

24. How does a closed circulatory system differ from an open one?

25. How are vertebrate nervous systems different from invertebrate nervous systems?

26. How do fish move and get oxygen in water?

27. What is spawning?

28. Describe the two main groups of Amphibians.

29. How are amphibians alike?

30. How does temperature affect amphibians?

31. What are some differences between frogs and toads?

32. Metamorphosis, hiobernation and estivation of amphibians.

33. In what ways do salamanders differ from lizards?

34. What are the four main groups of reptiles? How are thy alike?

35. How are reptiles different from amphibians in reproduction?

36. What is the structure and function of the reptile heart?

37. In what ways do snakes help people?

21. Describe the ways in which many birds are built for flight.

22. What is the advantage of maintaining the constant body temperature?

23. How do birds differ from other vertebrates?

24. What are the ways birds are helpful and harmful for humans?

25. What kind of structure do birds have?

26. Digestive and reproductive systems. Metabolism.

21. Describe the class Mammalia generally. What animals are they descended from?

22. How are monotremes different from other mammals and similar to the reptiles?

23. What are the main characteristics of marsupials?

24. How are placentas different from other mammals? What is placenta?

25. Recount the features of the main Orders of Mammals.

26. What are hoofed mammals?

27. What are primates?

28. What are carnivores?

29. What are rodents?

30. Explain and give examples of how different mammals are adapted to different environment and food.