- •Content
- •Preface
- •Biology as Science and Important Part of Our Life
- •Applying Life Science to Your Life
- •Careers, hobbies and element of personal culture
- •The scientific method
- •1. Basics of organisation of life
- •1.1. Nature and Properties of Life. Cell Theory
- •1.2. Energy and Energy Conversions. Chemistry aspects of life organisation
- •Ionic bonds
- •Ice floats
- •1.3. Life as Phenomenon of Universe
- •Fig. 1.6. Dna structure
- •2. Elements of general biology
- •2.1. Introduction to Cell Biology
- •Internal membranes
- •Pumping Molecules Through Cell Membranes (active transport)
- •Fig. 2.1. Diffusion into and out of cells
- •Fig. 2.2. Active transport of two different ions
- •Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Organisms
- •Stored energy from the sun
- •The role of photosynthetic pigments
- •Identifying Photosynthetic Reactants and Products
- •Respiration in the cells
- •Comparison of photosynthesis and respiration.
- •2.2. Introduction in Genetics
- •Fig. 2.3. Normal human (female) karyotype
- •Fig. 2.4. Dna ladder separates to form two identical dna ladders
- •Mitosis
- •Incomplete Dominance is Neither Dominant nor Recessive
- •X Chromosomes & y Chromosomes
- •Fig. 2.5. Process of meiosis
- •Fig. 2.6. Process of meiosis (continuation)
- •Inheritance of Blood Types
- •Variations and Mutations
- •Initiation of transcription requires a promoter and rna polymerase
- •2.3. The Introduction to Theory of Evolution
- •2.3.3. Classification and Identification
- •The system of Linnaeus
- •The scientific name
- •Bases of Modern Classification
- •Categories of Classification
- •Subdivisions of the Five Kingdoms
- •Identifying Photosynthetic Reactants and Products
- •3. Aspects of biology of viruses, monera, protists, algae, fungi and lichens
- •3.1. Viruses
- •3.1.1. Discovery of viruses. Sizes of viruses
- •Viruses differ greatly in size. They range in length from 0.01 to over 0.3 micrometers; yet over 500 of them can fit on the point of the pin.
- •3.1.2. Characteristics of viruses
- •3.1.3. Kinds of viral infections
- •3.1.4. Defenses against viral infections
- •3.2. Kingdom Monera. Bacteria
- •3.2.1. Bacteria are organisms
- •3.2.2. Main groupes of bacteria Archaebacteria
- •Photosynthetic bacteria
- •Chemosynthetic bacteria
- •Cyanobacteria
- •Some bacteria are helpful
- •Some bacteria are harmful
- •Prevention and control of bacterial disease
- •3.3. Plantlike Protists. Kingdom Protista
- •3.4. Algae
- •Plants that live in water
- •Economic importance of algae
- •3.5. Fungi
- •3.5.1. Terrestrial molds
- •3.5.2. Water molds
- •3.5.3. Slime molds
- •3.5.4. Club fungi
- •3.5.5. Sac fungi
- •3.5.6. Imperfect fungi
- •3.5.7. Fungi and habitats
- •3.5.8. Adaptations to life on land
- •3.5.9. Ecological and economic roles
- •3.6. Lichens
- •3.6.1.Structure
- •3.6.2. Habitats
- •3.6.3. Nutrition
- •3.6.4. Ecological role
- •3.6.5. Reproduction
- •Summary and test questions
- •4. Botany
- •Nonvascular and vascular plants
- •Seed plants
- •4.1. Bryophytes and Mosses
- •4.1.2. Mosses
- •4.2. Ferns
- •4.2.1. Physical structure
- •4.2.2. Life cycle of ferns
- •4.3. Gymnosperms
- •4.3.1. Conifers
- •Importance of conifers
- •4.3.2. Cycads
- •4.3.3. Ginkgoes
- •4.3.4. Gnetales
- •4.4. Angiosperms
- •Kinds of plant tissues
- •Root structure
- •Flowers and sexual reproduction
- •Leaves and water loss
- •Table 4.1 Comparative characteristics of monocots and dicots
- •5.1. Phylum Protozoa
- •5.1.4. Class Sporozoa
- •5.2. Phylum Porifera: Sponges
- •5.3. Phylum Coelenterata
- •5.4. Phylum Plathelminthes. Flatworms
- •5.5. Phylum Nemathelminthes: Roundworms
- •5.6. Phylum Annelids
- •5.7. Phylum Molluska: Mollusks
- •5.8. Phylum Arthropoda
- •Incomplete Metamorphosis
- •5.9. Phylum Chordata
- •Classification and Characteristics of Amphibians
- •The 4,500 species of mammals live throughout the world. Mammals can live in different environments because their flexible body plan has allowed the various species to undergo many special adaptations.
- •5.10. Classification of Kingdom Animalia
- •6. Human Biology
- •Introduction
- •6.1. The skeleton system
- •6.2. The muscular system
- •6.3. The integumentary system
- •6.4. The respiratory system
- •6.5. The excretory system
- •6.6. Nervous control and coordination
- •Introduction
- •6.7. Sense organs
- •Introduction
- •Vision, Hearing, and Balance
- •6.8. Endocrine system
- •Introduction
- •6.9. Circulatory system
- •Introduction
- •Immune Response
- •Immunity
- •6.10. Nutrition and digestion
- •Vitamins
- •Vitamins and Minerals
- •6.11. Reproduction and development
- •Introduction
- •Influence of external environmental factors on human health
- •6.12. World populationand its regulation
- •World population, total quantity and annual increase, 1950–2000 (us Bureau, 2001)
- •7. Biodiversity as phenomenon of life
- •Introduction
- •7.1. Biodiversity and problems of its preservation
- •Biodiversity components and levels (Global, 1995)
- •Quantitative assessment of the species diversity of the planet (Global, 2001)
- •7.2. Biodiversity conservation in Ukraine: conceptual developments and challenges
- •7.3. Protected Areas and Econet of Ukraine as instruments of conservation and innovation
- •7.4. Transboundary protected areas and opportunities for cooperation
- •Carpathians case (successful story)
- •The greening of local environment
- •Conclusion
- •Annex 1. Classification of living organisms
- •Bibliography
- •Additional references
- •Other information resources
- •Terms and definition index
Terms and definition index
A
acid
(alpha) helix
amino sugars
anabolic reactions
anabolism
anion
aqueous solution
atom
atomic number
atomic weight
Avogadro’s number
autophagy
B
base
(beta) pleated sheet
biochemical unity
bubble theory
buffer
C
carbohydrate
carotenoids
calorie
chaperonin
catabolic reactions
catabolism
cation
Cellulose
Cell fractionation
cell theory
cell wall
cellular respiration
chemical bond
chemical evolution
chemical reactions
chitin
Chloroplasts
Chromatin
chromosomes
complementary base pairing
complex ions
composition of a protein
condensation reaction
constant internal environment
covalent bond
cytoplasm
cytosol
D
denaturation
deoxyribonucleotides
disulfide bridge
disaccharide
E
electron
electronegativity
electron microscope
electron shells
element
endomembrane system
endoplasmic reticulum
energy
enthalpy
entropy
ester
Eukaryotic cell
evaporation
F
fatty acid
flagella
free energy
functional group
G
Glycerol
Glycogen
glycosidic linkage
glucose
Golgi apparatus
H
hexose
hydrocarbon molecule
hydrogen bond
hydrolysis reaction
hydrophilic molecule
hydrophobic molecule
I
ice floats
inner membrane
ionic bond
isomer
isotope
J
K
kinetic energy
L
law of mass action
light microscope
lipids
Lysosomes
lysosomal storage diseases
M
Macromolecule
mass number
mechanistic view
mesosomes
mitochondrion
mole
molecule
molecular weight
monomer
monosaccharide
multiple covalent bonds
N
neutrons
nonpolar covalent bond
N terminus
nuclear envelope
nuclear matrix
nuclear pores
nucleic acids
nucleoid
nucleolus
nucleoplasm
nucleotides
nucleus
O
octet rule
oils
oligosaccharide
orbital
organelles
optical isomer
P
Pentose
peptide linkage
peptidoglycan
phagocytosis
phosphodiester linkages
phospholipids
plasma membrane
polar covalent bond
polymer
polypeptide chain
polysaccharide
potential energy
potential chemical energy
primary structure of a protein
Prokaryotic cell
products of the chemical reaction
Proline
protein
protobionts
protons
Q
qualitative analysis
quantitative analysis
quaternary structure of a protein
R
radioisotopes
reactions
reactant
reversible reaction
R group
ribosomal RNA
Ribonucleotides
Ribosomes
Ribozymes
rough endoplasmic reticulum
S
salt bridge
saturated fatty acids
secondary structure of a protein
selectively permeable barrier
side chain
simple lipids
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
solute
solvent
specific heat of a substance
Starch
steroids
structural isomer
sugar phosphates
surface area-to-volume ratio
T
tertiary structure of the protein
triglycerides
U
unsaturated fatty acids
V
vacuoles
van der Waals forces
Vitamins
W
weak acid
X
Y
Z
ANNEX 2 ILLUSTRATIONS
Навчальне видання
БІОЛОГІЯ
Підручник для студентів
(англійською мовою).
Автори:
Кононко Ірина Василівна
Мовчан Ярослав Іванович
Безусько Алла Герасимівна
Карамушка Віктор Іванович
Кучерява Людмила Василівна
Технічний редактор
Підписано до друку Формат 60х84/16. Папір офсетний.
Офсетний друк. Ум. фарбовідб. 29. Ум. друк. арк. 6,51. Обл.-вид.арк. 7,0.
Тираж 300 прим. Замовлення № . Вид. №
Видавництво НАУ
03058. Київ-58, проспект Космонавта Комарова, 1
Свідоцтво про внесення до Державного реєстру ДК №977 від 05