IX. Переведите текст, подбирая функциональные замены и/или описания для выделенных единиц. Укажите, в каких случаях могут понадобиться комментарии. Поищите материал для комментариев.

Kingstone is one of the oldest summer cottages left standing in Newport, a reminder of the pre-Civil War days when wealthy Southern families continued the 18th century practice of spending their summers in the cool climate of the City-by-the-Sea. With its modest dimensions and gentle architecture, it is also a symbol of a less competitive time when houses were built more for comfort than for show.

The cottage, later to be called Kingstone, was built in 1839 for George Noble Jones, a well-to-do plantation owner from Savannah, Georgia. It is difficult to imagine today the importance that Victorians attached to the powers of nature in preserving health. George Jones liked to entertain people in his estate. Afternoon dinner and informal suppers were the rule. Horseback riding and swimming were popular pastimes. Bathing took place at Easton Beach frequently. Women were permitted to use the beach in the mornings, under protection of a white flag. At noon, women were expected to leave, presumably to be spared the sight of gentlemen in their bathing costumes.

X. Переведите тексты на английский язык, используя различные переводческие приемы. Проанализируйте возможности перевода выделенных слов.

Одно из самых интересных старинных сказаний в древнерусском эпосе – об Илье-Муромце и Соловье-разбойнике. Имя Ильи-Муромца самое популярное в русском народе; оно встречается весьма часто в песнях и преданиях, приписывающих ему различные богатырские подвиги. Несмотря на то, что Муромец известен как лицо историческое (он жил около 1188 года), выступая в народном эпосе, он усваивает черты более древние, принадлежащие к области мифических представлений о боге-громовике. В эпоху христианства верование в Перуна, сказания о подвигах Муромца и представление об Илье-пророке слились в один образ: там, где, по преданию, конь Муромца выбивал копытом источники ключевой воды, нередко ставились часовни во имя Ильи-пророка. Соловей-разбойник гнездится на двенадцати дубах; в некоторых сказаниях Соловья заменяет двенадцатиголовый Змей Горыныч. Эти сближения убедительно свидетельствуют, что в образе Соловья-разбойника народная фантазия олицетворяла демона бурной, грозовой тучи, связанного с верховным богом ветров Стрибогом. Сражение Муромца с Соловьем-разбойником являет собой образную картину грозы с ее тучами, буйным ветром, громом и молниями.

XI. Переведите тексты, используя соответствующие приемы для перевода, от транскрипции до комментария.

A. How My Friends Keep Me Going

It is 10 a. m. and I have just taken the liver oil recommended by my grandmother. In two hours I shall take four concentrated liver pills and a spoonful of digestive powder, all supplied by my friends. I shall then lunch on nuts and raisins and finish up with a teaspoonful of my after-meals digestive powder and a wineglass of tonic. I blame my friends for my sad condition.

A few weeks ago I could eat pork chops and cucumber salad. Now these dishes cause a state of seasickness. It is all due to my desire to “keep going.” George started it: “You look white. You must eat plenty of raw liver. It makes blood.” “I don't like the taste of raw liver,” Isaid.

“You take it in pills,” he said. “It's concentrated. Each pill represents half a pound of liver, and you take four before each meal.”

“That makes six pounds of liver a day, “I said. “Isn't it too much?”

“I think not,” said George.

Next day I met Bill. He recommended me the tonic.

George gave me the powder to be taken after meals and Alf the powder to be taken before eating. My grandmother recommended the liver oil. I followed the advice of my friends.

Now I had to prepare for bed an hour earlier to get through all the things I had to take. But I got worse and worse. Then I couldn't sleep.

I told George: “I can't sleep.”

He took me aside and gave me some tablets. They were the smallest tablets I had ever seen. You've never seen such small tablets.

“Take one when you get into bed,” he said, “but don't tell anyone that I gave them to you. They are prohibited,” he said. “I got them from a chap that knows a doctor and they're only to be taken when you can't possibly sleep.”

I took two on Sunday night. When I woke up the house was full of my friends. There was a doctor standing by my bed and it was Tuesday afternoon. Well! I must have slept. All my friends had their hats off and they are the sort of friends who wear their hats anywhere.

Keeping going is too dangerous.

B. Dear Daddy-Long-Legs,

Did you ever hear of Michael Angelo?

He was a famous artist who lived in Italy in the Middle Ages. Everybody in English Literature seemed to know about him and the whole class laughed because I thought he was an archange.

He sounds like an archangel, doesn't he? The trouble with college is that you are expected to know such a lot of things you've never learned. It's very confusing at times. But now, when the girls talk about things that I've never heard of, I just keep still and look them up in the encyclopedia.

I made an awful mistake the first day. Somebody mentioned Maurice Maeterlinck, and I asked if she was a Freshman. That joke has gone all over college. But anyway, I'm just as bright in class as any of the others – and brighter than some of them! Sallie is the most amusing person in the world – and Julia Rutledge Pendleton the least so. It's strange what a mixture the registrar can make in the matter of roommates. Sallie thinks everything is funny – even flunking – and Julia is bored at everything. She never makes the slightest effort to be pleasant. She believes that if you are a Pendleton, that fact alone admits you to heaven without any further examination. Julia and I were born to be enemies.

C. The website Friends Reunited was started for fun in 1999 by a couple who were interested to know what their old school friends were doing. The project snowballed and by 2005, the site had 12 million members. One extraordinary fact is that Friends Reunited has never been advertised, its success is entirely due to word-of-mouth.

You can search for a school, college or university and find a list of the members who were there in any year. You can also post a personal profile showing what you are doing now, and read other people's details.

Steve Pankhurst, one of the founders of the site, thinks that one of the reasons for its success is that some people like to be anonymous. On Friends Reunited, you can snoop on other people's lives without giving away anything about yourself if you don't want to. It's also an opportunity to bolster your self-esteem by showing off to everyone just how successful and happy you are now, even if you weren't while you were at school.

Friends Reunited has also led to many successful school reunions, and people meeting up with each other after many years. In particular, many people use the site to look up their childhood sweethearts and many couples have actually rekindled relationships after contacting each other through the site.

There have even been Friends Reunited weddings and babies, and Friends Reunited now has a new site called Friends Reunited Dating especially for people who are looking for love. The company has also launched other sites, such as Genes Reunited, which helps people to find long-lost relatives and build their family trees online.

D. Archaeologists say they've made a major new discovery in Egypt. An international team has unearthed an intact tomb in the Valley of the Kings. They say it is the most important find of its kind in more than eighty years.

Archaeologists were doing routine excavation work last year when they discovered what seemed to be a man-made shaft. Earlier this month, they came across a hidden chamber inside and on Friday, some of the stones blocking the entrance were removed, revealing a site hidden from the human eye for something like three thousand years.

There are five wooden coffins inside the small chamber, with rather beautiful faces painted in reds and yellows, their bodies in black and yellow stripes to mimic bandages. At least one of the coffins is slightly ajar, revealing a mummified corpse inside.

This is the first intact discovery in more than eighty years, just a stone's throw from the tomb of Tutankahmun. Archaeologists say this find could radically change their understanding of ancient Egyptian history.

E. A replica of an eleventh century Viking longboat has set sail from Denmark across the North Sea on a voyage to the Irish capital, Dublin. The vessel is a reproduction of the “Sea Stallion from Glendalough”, the largest Viking warship ever built.

Thousands of onlookers cheered the replica Viking longboat as it was rowed out of the port of Roskilde under sunny skies. It's the start of a nine-hundred nautical mile journey for the sixty-five man crew which is expected to take nearly seven weeks.

The original vessel was built in the Glendalough Forest south of Dublin in 1040, at a time when the area was settled by Vikings. It took part in sea battles with the Normans before the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. But the longboat was deliberately sunk, along with four other ships, in the Roskilde fjord in Denmark at the end of the eleventh century to protect the Danish coast from invading Vikings from Norway.

Shipbuilders from Denmark, Norway and the Faroe Islands took part in the building of the replica, using the same methods as the Vikings and with tools made to resemble those employed in the Viking era. But unlike the original crew, today's are equipped with radar and other navigation aids with a support vessel following in case they get into trouble.

F. The Greek police are hunting for two criminals who managed to escape from the country's largest maximum security prison in a helicopter. It's thought the escape was organised by one of the country's most wanted men.

This was one of the most daring prison breakouts to take place in Greece. The helicopter landed in a courtyard of Korydallos prison in Athens as those on board threw flares into the area. Amid the confusion, two inmates managed to climb into the helicopter which took off again, flying to a nearby cemetery. The escaped prisoners then fled with their accomplices on motorbikes which have since been found near the port of Piraes.

One of the men, Vassilis Paleokostas, was serving a twenty-five year sentence for kidnapping and bank robbery. It's thought his brother, who's been on the run since 1990, was behind the breakout. The police have arrested the helicopter pilot, who says he was forced to fly to the prison at gunpoint.

Korydallos holds some of the country's most notorious criminals, including the leaders of the militant left-wing organisation, November Seventeenth, who were found guilty of murdering politicians, businessmen and foreign diplomats.

G. Tiger 'to be sporting billionaire'

The golfer Tiger Woods is expected to become the first person to make a billion dollars through sporting ability alone. The claim was made in this week's Forbes magazine which ranks the world's richest people in its annual celebrity 100 list.

Forbes magazine says Tiger Woods made $115m last year alone, nearly twice as much as the second placed sportsman on the list, the English footballer David Beckham. It predicts he'll make history as the first sportsman or woman to pass the billion mark in 2010.

The magazine is careful to point out that the clarification does not include wealthy individuals who happen to enjoy sport, such as the owner of the winning yacht at the America's Cup Ernesto Bertarelli. He was already Switzerland's richest man when he entered the glitzy world of top level sailing. Tiger Woods has made his fortune because he's a very good golfer.

He has won 50 tournaments faster than any other player, and is closing in on Jack Nicklaus' record of 18 major championship victories. The magazine says nine-tenths of his earnings so far in his career have come from endorsements worth 750 million dollars. His good looks and courteous manner makes him very attractive to sponsors like Buick, Gillette and Nike.

The television ratings are another gauge of his popularity, when Tiger Woods is playing the viewing figures increase by at least a third. TV executives will no doubt be looking forward to his return as Tiger Woods is expected to miss the rest of the season while he recovers from knee surgery.

H. Superstitions: Friday 13th – unlucky for you?

Are you superstitious? Do you believe in good luck and bad luck? And, if so, how do you go about avoiding bad and promoting good luck?

One person in four in Britain is, apparently, superstitious, and they'll do everything from hanging horseshoes over their fireplace to crossing their fingers, touching wood and absolutely never walking under a ladder. And they're careful about cats. Black cats are supposed to be the familiars of witches or warlocks, so if one is following you it's definitely bad luck – a witch is after you! On the other hand, if one crosses your path and continues then it's good luck because it hasn't noticed you. However, in some places the beliefs are different – so it pays to know where your black cat comes from!

Old superstitions linger even in today's modern world. The author Philip Pullman drew on them in his award winning trilogy of novels 'His Dark Materials'. The trilogy, which appeals to both children and adults, has been adapted for radio and also the theatre.

They are also the subject for research by Dr Richard Wiseman at the University of Hertfordshire. He believes that some people actually want to be unlucky because it helps them to avoid taking responsibility for their own failings. It's easier to say “I failed the exam because I'm just an unlucky person” than to admit that you didn't work hard enough. “It's a way of copping out,” he said.

I. One of the biggest shocks when you arrive in a new country can be the clothes people are wearing. You may look fashionable at home, but you suddenly find you are behind the times or simply someone to laugh at when you arrive abroad. With this in mind, let's take a look at teenage fashion in the UK for girls.

One of the things that may shock an outsider most is piercings. These days it is not enough to simply wear rings in your ears. You will see many teenagers with rings in their navel, or belly button, nose, lip, or even their eyebrow. Ouch!

Some girls go for a “glam” look. They wear T-shirts; trousers are usually preferred, blue or black, and the look is finished off with metallic bags and shoes and arms full of bracelets. Another alternative is the “rocker” look. You start with a T-shirt of your favourite band and tight jeans or a long skirt. On top of this you can wear a denim jacket. Jewellery tends to be large and metallic, and to add colour, wear a scarf.

If neither of these is for you, why not go “sporty”? T-shirts are usually tie-dyed in hot colours. Wear long shorts, short jeans or a denim skirt. And on your feet? Beach sandals, of course! If you prefer something more feminine, there's the “girly” look. Skirts are long, to the floor. Wear a top with butterflies or flowers printed on it!

Finally, how about the “Tom Boy” look? Wear flared jeans and a T-shirt with a logo. Don't forget your waistcoat, of course!

Follow the fashion tips above, and you shouldn't feel out of place. However, it's important to remember to wear clothes and choose a look that you feel comfortable with. Don't just be one of the crowd – be yourself!

J. Pope Benedict read the opening words of the book of Genesis live from his apartments in the Vatican at the start of a week-long Bible reading marathon on Italian television.

The Pope began this seven-day, non-stop Bible marathon by reading the story of the creation. He wants Catholics to return to reading the Bible and feels that the scriptures are being neglected in the modern world. A Russian Orthodox prelate took over the Bible reading from the Pope after a few minutes and then it was the turn of an Italian Protestant leader who read with great emphasis the story of Adam and Eve being expelled from the Garden of Eden. One of Italy's most popular actors Roberto Benigni took over to read the story of Cain and Abel. The Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli sang Bach during the first interlude.

Rome's Chief Rabbi had originally been scheduled to read immediately after the Pope but he pulled out after complaining that the event had become, in his words, “too Catholic”.

The television broadcast of the Bible will continue all week, day and night, on a satellite educational channel. Earlier in the day the Pope opened a synod of Catholic bishops from around the world who will be debating how to give a better knowledge of the Bible to Catholics. In his homily the Pope attacked the godless character of modern culture.