III. Переведите следующий текст посредством функционального перевода.

Ancient Athenian navy yards kept careful lists of equipment for their trireme fleet. Those lists that survive revealed two different lengths of oar, 13 feet and 13 feet 10 inches, the shorter being used toward the narrow bow and stern of the vessel. Aristotle compared their splayed-out pattern to the fingers of the hand. From Athenian accounts it is clear that a trireme was not for positioning alongside other craft for boarding and capture, in the style of Hollywood sea battles. It was a fast seaborne missile, its ramming beak, reinforced with bronze, being used to hit other craft to hole and flood them. Triremes were day sailors and carried only a handful of soldiers (14 in all) with a partial deck canopy to shield the top oarsmen from sun and rain and from enemy javelins. Oarsmen customarily were free citizens. As the Greek historians Herodotus and Thucydides both relate, the Athenians and their allies, with a brilliant use of triremes, beat off the Persians at the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC. If the Greeks had lost, many ideas of government, of philosophy, of culture taken for granted today would have died with them.

IV. Следующий текст переведите двумя способами – буквальным и коммуникативным. Сопоставьте результаты и прокомментируйте различия.

Спор о том, когда именно было написано «Слово», подогревался расхождением текста с исторической реальностью эпохи похода Игоря и характеристиками действующих лиц. Сглаживая противоречия, исследователи «Слова» отодвигали дату написания поэмы все дальше от 1185 года – сначала в конец 12 века, потом в начало 13 и даже еще позднее. Противоречия сглаживались, но росло недоумение: почему, много времени спустя, возник интерес к неудачной вылазке третьестепенного князя? Теперь, когда с помощью Бояна удалось выяснить источники несоответствий, история возникновения знакомого нам текста «Слова о полку Игореве» представляется достаточно ясной. Оно рождалось как отзвук еще не затихших боев, в огне пожаров лета 1185 года, вероятнее всего в Переяславле южном, на что указывают многие признаки обращения его автора к князьям. Кем был автор «Слова» – боярином, князем, духовным феодалом? Но так ли это важно?! Он был первым, кто призвал к миру на Русской Земле, увидев пламя пожаров новой усобицы между князьями, и – добился этого мира!

V. Переведите тексты. Охарактеризуйте ваш перевод согласно типологизации переводов.

A. Local Color in Art

Local color in fiction is demonstrably the life of fiction. It is the native element, the differentiating element. It corresponds to the endless and vital charm of individual peculiarity. It is the differences which interest us; the similarities do not please, do not forever stimulate and feed as do the differences. Literature would die of dry rot if it chronicled the similarities only, or even largely.

Historically, the local color of a poet or dramatist is of the greatest value. The charm of Horace is the side light he throws on the manners and customs of his time. The vital in Homer lies, after all, in his local color, not in his abstractions. The sagas of the North delineate more exactly how men and women lived and wrought in those days, therefore they have always appealed to me with infinitely greater power than Homer.

Similarly, it is the local color of Chaucer that interests us today. We yawn over his tales of chivalry which were in the manner of his contemporaries, but the Miller and the Priest interest us. Wherever the man of the past in literature shows us what he really lived and loved, he moves us. We understand him, and we really feel an interest in him.

Every great moving in literature today is full of local color. It is this element which puts the Norwegian and Russian almost at the very summit of modern novel writing, and it is the comparative lack of this distinctive flavor which makes the English and French take a lower place in truth and sincerity.

Everywhere all over the modern European world, men are writing novels and dramas as naturally as the grass or corn or flax grows. The Provencal, the Gatalonian, the Norwegian is getting a hearing. This literature is not the literature of scholars; it is the literature of lovers and doers, of men who love the modern and who have not been educated to despise common things. These men are speaking a new word. They are not hunting themes, they are struggling to express.

B. The Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty officially known as the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World was a gift of friendship from France in recognition of the friendship established during the American Revolution.

The statue dedicated on October 28, 1886 was a joint effort between America and France. It was agreed upon that the American people were to build the pedestal, and the French people were responsible for the Statue and its assembly in the United States. In both countries various forms of entertainment and lotteries were organized to raise funds.

In America, fund raising for the pedestal was going particularly slowly, and Joseph Pulitzer (who established the Pulitzer Prize) used his newspaper to criticize both the rich and the middle class who failed to finance and donate. Pulitzer's campaign was a success, and it also helped to promote his newspaper adding about 50,000 subscribers in the course of the statue campaign effort.

The statue is made of pure Norwegian copper on a framework of steel designed by Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel. The tablet held in the statue’s left hand represents a book of law with the text "JULY IV MDCCLXXVI" (July 4, 1776) commemorating the date of the United States Declaration of Independence. The seven rays of crown represent the seven seas and continents of the world.

Various sources cite different models for the face of the statue sculptured by Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi. One indicated the widow of Isaac Singer, the sewing-machine industrialist, the other – Bartholdi’s mother.

The Statue disassembled into 350 individual pieces arrived in New York Harbor on June 17, 1885 on board the French frigate Isere and was re-assembled on her new pedestal in four months' time.

The Statue of Liberty was a real lighthouse from 1886 to 1902. There was an electric plant on the island to generate power for the light.

There is a sister statue in Paris (and hundreds of others around the world) standing by the river Seine. It faces west, towards the original Liberty in New York Harbor.

The Statue of Liberty is a popular icon that has appeared in over 30 movies.

C. Some people have a touching faith in the intelligence and sensitivity of dolphins. A long scientific study has recently reported that they are so highly intelligent that, given the chance, they would spend their time reading the London Review of Books and listening to Wagner.

As far as I am concerned, the height of dolphinkind’s achievements is in a dolphinarium, where they learn how to jump out of a pool to snatch a fish from a blond in a wet suit. I completely fail to understand how, armed with such slender evidence, people can make their extraordinary claims for the swimming mammal’s superior brainpower. Dogs, after all, can be trained in much the same way but for anyone to make similar claims of massive IQ for a dog chasing a stick would be clearly ridiculous. If dolphins are so clever, how come they keep getting caught in those tuna nets? I can’t understand why they don’t swim the other way. Have they got highly developed communication skills or haven’t they? That dolphins are playful is indisputable, as is the fact that getting them to do tricks is relatively easy. The purely coincidental fact that their mouth structure make them look to humans lacking in normal critical awareness as if they are smiling and thoroughly enjoying themselves is not, however a sign of intelligence. During the Cold War, the US Navy trained dolphins to carry out highly dangerous mine-clearing work. If anything, that strikes me as conclusive proof of lack of intelligence.

D. Rich find in Ireland

A hoard of Eighth Century treasure, including a priceless silver and gold chalice, has been found in an Irish bog, the Government announced Thursday.

It is regarded as the most significant Irish archeological and historical find this century and was uncovered about two weeks ago by an amateur with a metal detector, government officials said.

The finder and precise location of the burial place, somewhere in County Tipperary in the Irish Midlands, are being kept secret, Brian O'Riordain, Director of the National Museum of Ireland, told reporters.

It has not yet been worked out when the objects were buried, but museum officials speculated that they might have been hidden by a monk or priest to protect them from plunder by Vikings.

The hoard has been acquired by the Government as a treasure trove, but there would probably be a reward for the finder. It was found in bogland near a river but no other details are being released until further archeological work has been carried out.

The collection has been sent to the British Museum for cleaning and restoration and will then go on display in the National Museum of Ireland.

E. Japan's government has protested that a book about the country's Crown Princess written by an Australian investigative journalist contains “groundless claims”. Tokyo is seeking an apology and corrections from the author, Ben Hills, and his publisher, Random House.

Princess Masako was a beautiful diplomat who spoke several languages and travelled the world before her marriage to Japan's Crown Prince in 1993. But after she joined the imperial family, she began to suffer from a stress-related illness. Many blame her ill-health on the pressure to produce a male heir. These days she's seen in public only rarely and carries out few official duties.

Ben Hills is an Australian investigative journalist who says he interviewed more than sixty Japanese, American and English sources for his unauthorised biography of the troubled princess. These included her former colleagues and those of her husband, many of whom, the author says, had never given interviews before. But Japan's government says the book contains disrespectful descriptions and distortions of the facts. The complaints are made in letters of protest sent to the author and his publisher. The government says it cannot ignore what it calls the book's false characterisation of the imperial family.

The Foreign Ministry says the author and his publisher have told them they see no particular problems with the book and want to consider what response to make. A Japanese edition is due to be published in a few weeks' time.