- •Introduction
- •Chapter # 1. The foundations of atomic-molecular studies. The laws and concepts of stoichiometry
- •Vocabulary
- •Subject and Tasks of Chemistry
- •General notions of atomic-molecular studies
- •Number of atoms of an element
- •Example of solution
- •Amount of substance. Mole. Avogadro’s Number. Molar mass
- •Number of moles of an element
- •Mass of an element (grams)
- •X Molar mass of element (Mm)
- •4. The laws and concepts of Stoichiometry
- •5. Types of chemical reactions
- •Chapter # 2. Atomic structure
- •Vocabulary
- •General notions
- •Theories of atomic structure
- •Figure 3. Spatial orientation of p-orbitals
- •3. Principles for distribution of electrons in atoms Distributions of electrons in atoms on energy levels and sub-levels may be presented in the form of electronic formulas.
- •Ground state
- •4. Valency and Oxidation number as function of electrons distribution
- •Practice problems
- •Chapter # 3. The periodic law and periodic table of chemical elements
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Formulation
- •2. Physical meaning of the chemical periodicity
- •3. The Periodic Table
- •Periodical table of chemical elements named by d.I. Mendeleev
- •Practice problems
- •Chapter # 4. Chemical bonding
- •Vocabulary
- •Types of Chemical Bonds
- •Ionic bond
- •Nonpolar-covalent bond
- •P olar-covalent bond
- •Figure 10. Formation of Hydrogen Bonds between water molecules
- •Figure 11. Depending of boiling-points (b.Pt) of double Hydrogen-contained compounds from nature of the second atom and presence of Hydrogen bonding
- •Why does Chemical Bond occur?
- •Practice problems
- •Сhapter # 5. Laboratory glassware, labware and rules of laboratory research
- •Vocabulary
- •Chemical glassware
- •2. Chemical reagents and their storage
- •3. Elementary operations carrying out
- •4. Safety rules during carrying out laboratory works
- •5. Rules for reagents and equipment use
- •6. Rules for work carrying out and results design
- •Chapter # 6. The main classes of inorganic compounds
- •Vocabulary
- •Classification of inorganic substances
- •Inorganic substances
- •Compounds
- •2. Relation between main classes of inorganic substances
- •3. Oxides
- •Preparation
- •Chemical properties
- •4. Bases
- •Preparation
- •Chemical properties
- •5. Acids
- •Preparation
- •Chemical properties
- •6. Amphoteric hydroxides
- •Preparation
- •7. Salts
- •Preparation
- •Chemical properties
- •Chemical properties
- •6. Thermal decomposition with medium salts formation:
- •Structural-graphic formulas of chemical compounds
- •Example of solution
- •Chapter # 7. Theory of electrolytic dissociation
- •Vocabulary
- •Solutions
- •Concentration of solutions
- •Molarity (molar concentration)
- •Theory of dissociation
- •Degree of dissociation
- •Main classes of inorganic substances from viewpoint of theory of electrolytic dissociation
- •6. Ionic equations
- •Laboratory training
- •Chapter # 8. Ionic product of water. Hydrolysis of salts
- •Vocabulary
- •Ionic product of water. Notion of pH
- •General notion of Hydrolysis
- •Different types of Hydrolysis
- •Laboratory training Experiment 1. Identification of reaction medium in solutions of salts
- •Experiment 2. Influence of temperature to hydrolysis
- •Chapter # 9. Oxidation-reduction reactions
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Oxidation of Elements
- •2. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
- •3. Compiling Equations of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
- •4. Most Important Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
- •Types of Redox Reactions
- •Influence of Medium to Redox Reactions
- •Electromotive Series of Metals
- •Vocabulary
- •1. General characteristics
- •Laboratory training Experiment 1. Reducing properties of metal ions of lower oxidation number
- •Chapter # 10. Complex (coordination) compounds
- •2. Nomenclature
- •3. Rules for naming of coordination compounds
- •Laboratory training
- •Chapter # 11. The halogens
- •Vocabulary
- •1. General characteristics
- •2. Chlorine
- •Laboratory training
- •Experiment 2. Halogens oxidative activity in free state
- •Experiment 5. The salts of hydrohalogen acids insoluble in water
- •Chapter # 12. The chalcogens
- •Vocabulary
- •1. General characteristics
- •Industrial Information
- •2. Oxygen
- •3. Sulfur
- •Experiment 6. Dilution of concentrated Sulfuric acid
- •Experiment 9. Instability of thiosulfuric acid
- •Chapter # 13. Nitrogen, phosphorus
- •Vocabulary
- •1. General characteristics
- •Industrial Information
- •2. Nitrogen
- •3. Phosphorus
- •Phosphorus behaves as the typical non-metal. It reacts with Oxygen, formed acid oxides:
- •Experiment 2. Oxidation and reducing power of nitrous acid and Nitrites
- •Chapter # 14. Chemistry of main biometals
- •Vocabulary
- •1. The Alkali Metals
- •Industrial Information
- •2. Other bioactive metals
Chapter # 7. Theory of electrolytic dissociation
Vocabulary
English |
Українська назва |
English |
Українська назва |
Hydration |
Гідратація |
Degree of dissociation |
Ступінь дисоціації |
Solvent |
Розчинник |
Electrolyte |
Електроліт |
Ionization |
Іонізація |
Conductivity |
Провідність |
Dissociation |
Дисоціація |
Ion |
Іон |
Doublet |
Диполь |
|
|
Sourses:
Introduction in General, Organic and Biochemistry, 7th Edition, by Morris Hein, Leo R. Best, Scott Pattison and Susan Arena, Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., 2001. (Chapters 14-17.1, pp. 404-496);
http://www.dbhs.wvusd.k.12.ca.us/AcidBase/Arrehenius-AcidBase.html
http://www.dbhs.wvusd.k.12.ca.us/AcidBase/Strong-Weak-AcidBase.html
http://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/CHM-115_BLKB/Chpt16/sld003-004.htm
http://www.unco.edu/chemquest/q22_r18.htm
Solutions
Suppose a lump of sugar is dropped into a glass of water. You know from experience that the sugar will dissolve. Sugar is described as “soluble in water”. By “soluble” we mean the capability of being dissolved. Examination of sugar-water mixture, even under a microscope, would not reveal any particles of sugar. Such a mixture is called “solution”. Solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase. In solution, atoms, and molecules of charged particles - ions are thoroughly mixed, with the result that the mixture has the same composition and properties throughout.
In the simplest type of solution, such as sugar-water solution, the molecules of one substance are distributed around the molecules of another one. The dissolving medium in a solution is called solvent, and the substance dissolved in a solution is called solute. In general, the solute is the substance, which mass is less than 50% of total mass of solution.
Types of solutions. Solutions are formed in all three states - gaseous, liquid, and solid. Nine possible combinations of gases, liquids, and solids in solutions are summarized in Table 10.
Table 10. Types of solutions
Solute |
Solvent |
Example |
Gas |
Gas |
Air |
Gas |
Liquid |
Soda Water |
Gas |
Solid |
Hydrogen in platinum |
Liquid |
Gas |
Water vapor in air (mist, fog) |
Liquid |
Liquid |
Alcohol in water |
Liquid |
Solid |
Mercury in Copper (amalgam) |
Solid |
Gas |
Sulfur vapor in air |
Solid |
Liquid |
Sugar in water |
Solid |
Solid |
Copper in nickel (different types of alloys) |