7. Переведите с английского на русский.

Модальный глагол

Использование

Настоящее, будущее

Прошлое

Сan

1) способность

I can speak English

I could speak German when I was a child

2) разрешение (друж.)

You can use my phone

He was allowed to cross the border

3) просьба (друж.)

Can I borrow your pen?

4) невероятность, Вероятность (90% уверенности)

This can’t be true

You can do it!

He can’t have done it!

5) запрет

You can’t smoke here!

We couldn’t smoke there

We weren’t allowed to smoke there

Could

1) способность в прошлом

I could run very fast when I was young

2) просьба (вежл.)

Could I take your pen, please?

3) предложение

We could discuss it later

4) вероятность (менее 50% уверенности)

Where is Jane? She could be in the library.

You could have been killed in the car crash!

5) невероятность

That couldn’t be true

He couldn’t have been at work yesterday

Be able to

Способность

She is able to help you

She was able to help you ( single occasion)

May

1) просьба (офиц.)

May I ask you a question?

2) разрешение (офиц.)

You may go out

3) вероятность (менее 50% уверенности)

Where is Jane? She may be working in the library.

She may have been working in the library.

You may have seen him already.

Might

1) просьба (очень офиц.)

Might I talk to the President?

2) вероятность (менее 50% уверенности)

Where is the manager? He might be talking to the partners

He might have forgotten about your request

Must

1) необходимость

(решение человека)

I must read more on the matter

I had to read more on the matter

2) запрет

You must not use the dictionary at the test

We couldn’t use the dictionary

3) уверенность (95%)

John isn’t at work. He must be ill.

He must have been working – so he didn’t hear the call.

Have to

1) необходимость

(решение окружающих)

We have to attend the meeting

I had to go to work yesterday

2) отсутствие необходимости

I don’t have to go to work tomorrow

He didn’t have to refer to them

Should

1) совет, критика

You should see the doctor

You should have seen the doctor

2) вероятность (90% уверенности)

You should pass the exam well

They should have landed by now.

Ought to

1) совет, долженствование

You ought to obey the rules

You ought to have seen the doctor earlier

2) вероятность (90%

уверенности)

He ought to understand the situation

He ought to have received our letter already.

Shall

1) Предложение (вежливое)

Shall I help you with the books?

2) Обязанность

You shall be paid

Will

1) Готовность помочь

Somebody’s ringing up. – I’ll answer the phone.

2) Просьба

(друж.)

Will you please answer the phone?

3) Уверенность

(100%)

The manager will be here at 11.

Would

1) Просьба

( вежливая)

Would you please send these letters?

2) предпочтение

I would rather stay at home than go out in this weather

It would have been better if you had finished your report yesterday

3) повторяющиеся действия в прошлом

When I was a child I would go to see my grandparents every weekend

Need

1) отсутствие необходимости

(отриц. только)

1) You needn’t do it. I have already done it.

2) You don’t need to take a jacket. It’s rather warm.

1) She needn’t have sent these letters. (But she did)

2) She needn’t have sent these letters. (I don’t know if she did it)

2) необходимость

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